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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the name of the compartment the brain sits in?
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neurocranium, cranial cavity
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Name the three layers of skull bone and state what type of bone they are.
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Outer table - compact bone
Diploe - spongy bone Inner table - compact bone |
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Immobile, fibrous joints uniting the skull bones
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sutures
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Dome-shaped roof of skull.
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Calvaria, skullcap
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Chief blood supply to the skull bones
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meningeal arteries, particularly the middle meningeal artery
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The area on the lateral aspect of the skull where the frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones unite.
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pterion
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The pterion is an important landmark; it marks the site of the ...
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anterior branch of the middle meningeal artery
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Why is a skull fracture at the pterion life-threatening?
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It can rupture the middle meningeal artery, causing a epidural bleed (hematoma).
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Membranous intervals of the skull in infants.
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fontanelles
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What radiologic procedure is possible in an infant, but not an adult, due to the presence of fontanelles?
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Ultrasound of the brain, which normally cannot penetrate the bone.
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Bulging of the fontanelles indicates ...
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increased intracranial pressure
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Increased intracranial pressure in infants is evidenced by ...
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bulging fontanelles
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What are the five layers of the scalp?
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S.C.A.L.P. - skin, connective tissue (dense), aponeurosis, loose connective tissue (areolar), pericranium
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What are the borders of the scalp?
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Anteriorally, the superior margins of the orbits; laterally, the zygomatic arches; posteriorly, the superior nuchal line
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Which layers of the scalp are fused and move as a unit?
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The outer three layers (skin, dense connective tissue, and aponeurosis).
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What connects the three outer layers of the scalp, such that they move as a unit?
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Fibrous septa of the dense connective tissue
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What distinguishes a gaping scalp wound from a non-gaping scalp wound?
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Gaping scalp wounds occur when the aponeurosis is lacerated coronally; the tension pulls the wound apart. If the laceration does not penetrate the aponeurosis, it will hold the edges of the wound together.
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Where are sebaceous cysts found in the scalp?
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In the skin.
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What causes a sebaceous cyst?
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Obstruction of a sebaceous gland duct.
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Why do superficial scalp wounds bleed profusely?
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The fibrous septa firmly root the walls of the arteries and prevent their retraction when lacerated.
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All muscles of facial expression are innervated by ...
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Cranial Nerve 7 (CN VII)
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Origin and insertion of frontalis muscle
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Origin: anterior border of epicranial aponeurosis; insertion: skin and subcutaneous tissue of the eyebrows
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Action of the frontalis muscle
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Wrinkles the forehead and raises eyebrows
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Origin and insertion of occipitalis muscle
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Origin: superior nuchal line (occipital bone) and the mastoid process of the temporal bone; insertion: posterior border of epicranial aponeurosis.
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Action of the occipitalis muscle
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Pulls scalp posteriorly
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Which scalp layer forms a cleavage plane between the other layers?
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Loose connective tissue (areolar), allowing the first three layers to slide over the pericranium
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What is the danger area of the scalp?
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Loose connective tissue (areolar); blood or pus can spread easily through this layer.
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Name two ways infection can spread in the loose connective tissue (areolar).
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Into the eyelids anteriorly, because the frontalis does not connect to the bone; also into the cranial cavity through emissary veins.
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What role do the emissary veins have in the spread of a scalp infection?
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Infection in the fourth layer can reach the cranial cavity through the emissary veins.
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Cephalohematoma is a bleed between which two layers?
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pericranium and underlying bone
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What is characteristic about the shape of a cephalohematoma?
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It will form the shape of the skull bone underneath it, since the bleeding is limited by the sutures.
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Benign complication of birth injury to the skull; name and layer
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cephalohematoma; between pericranium and skull bone
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Blood supply of the scalp; five arteries
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supratrochlear, supraorbital, superficial temporal, posterior auricular, occipital
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Which arteries of the scalp are indirectly derived from the internal carotid artery?
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Supratrochlear and supraorbital; they branch off the ophthalmic artery, which is a branch of the internal carotid artery.
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Which arteries of the scalp derive directly from the external carotid artery?
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Superficial temporal, posterior auricular, and occipital artery.
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Which layer contains the blood supply to the scalp?
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Connective tissue (dense); the second layer
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What useful clinical application is derived from the abundant anastomoses of the scalp arteries?
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Large areas of the scalp can be detached and reattached.
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Where does the supraorbital artery exit the orbit, and what is its path relative the supratrochlear artery?
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Exits at the supraorbital notch/foramen and lies lateral to the supratrochlear artery.
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Where does the supratrochlear artery exit the orbit, and what is its path relative the supraorbital artery?
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Exits at the upper medial corner of the orbit, and lies medial to the supraorbital artery.
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Describe the path of the superficial temporal artery and its location relative the auriculotemporal nerve
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Ascends anterior to the ear; it is anterior to the auriculotemporal nerve.
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Describe the path of the posterior auricular artery.
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Ascends posterior to the ear.
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Describe the path of the occipital artery.
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Enters the scalp posteriorly, accompanying the greater occipital nerve.
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Which arteries supply the front of the scalp?
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Supratrochlear and supraorbital.
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Which artery supplies the temple region?
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superficial temporal artery
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Which artery supplies the area behind the ear?
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posterior auricular artery
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Which artery supplies the scalp posteriorly?
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occipital artery
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Which nerve supplies the scalp anterior to the ear?
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CN V, the trigeminal nerve
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Which nerves supply the scalp posterior to the ear?
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Branches of the spinal nerves C2 and C3
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What are the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve?
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ophthalmic (CN V1), maxillary (CN V2), and mandibular (CN V3)
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Which nerves supply the front of the scalp?
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Supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves, both branches of the ophthalmic nerve (CN V1)
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Which nerves supply the temporal region?
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zygomaticotemporal n. (anteriorly) and auriculotemporal n. (posteriorly)
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The zygomaticotemporal nerve is a branch of ...
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maxillary division of trigeminal nerve (CN V2)
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The auriculotemporal nerve is a branch of ...
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mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (CN V3)
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What is the path of the zygomaticotemporal nerve?
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Passes superiorly from the lateral edge of the orbit
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What is the path of the auriculotemporal nerve? What is its relationship to the superficial temporal artery?
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Ascends anterior to the ear; it lies posterior to the superficial temporal artery.
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Describe the path of the lesser occipital nerve, and its relationship to the greater occipital nerve.
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Ascends posterior to the ear; it is anterior to the greater occipital nerve.
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Describe the path of the greater occipital nerve and its relationship to the lesser occipital nerve.
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Pierces the semispinalis capitis and trapezius; lies posterior relative the lesser occipital nerve.
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What artery accompanies the greater occipital nerve in the back of the scalp?
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occipital artery
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Name the two layers of the dura mater
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Outer: periosteal dura
Inner: meningeal dura |
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What does the periosteal dura adhere to?
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The inner table of the skull bones.
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