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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
a disease state characterized by the presence of airflow limitation due to chronic bronchitis or emphysema; the airflow obstruction is generally progressive, may be accompanied by airway hyperactivity and may be partially reversible
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chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
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what are the 3 components of COPD?
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chronic bronchitis
emphysema asthma |
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chronic productive cough for at least 3 months in 2 consecutive years and no other causes were found
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chronic bronchitis
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abnormal permanent enlargement of airspaces distal to terminal bronchioles without obvious fibrosis
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emphysema
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airway inflammation that is manifested by airway hyper-responsiveness to a variety of stimuli that may or may not be reversible
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asthma
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what is the estimated prevalence in the US for COPD?
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10-16 million
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what is the 4th leading cause of death in the US
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COPD
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how many times more are men liekly to be diagnosed with COPD?
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7 times
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are the number of people with COPD increasing or decreasing?
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increasing
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how many people with COPD are undiagnosed?
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50%
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at what age is COPD usually evident?
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50
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what is the precentage of 5 year survival rate?
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50%
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the following are causes of what?
- infection -allergens - skeletal problems (obesity, scoliosis) - nervous system disorder - factors that lead to chronic alveolar inflammation - smoking |
COPD
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the following signs and symptoms are for what diagnosis?
- ongoing cough that produces large amount of mucus -shortness of breathe with physical activity - wheezing - chest tightness -fatigue - weight loss - tripod position to help with breathing - cold/ flu frequently - bluish color of lips due to decreased O2 |
COPD
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how is COPD most commonly diagnosed?
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based on individual signs and symptoms, medical and family history, test results
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what are the 4 lung function tests for diagnosing COPD
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Spirometry
lung diffusion capacity test lung volume measurement test tests to measure lung oxygen level |
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this measure how much air you breath in and out and how fast you blow it out....
peak flow and forced expiratory volume |
spirometry
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these tests take images of the structures inside your chest such as heart, lungs, blood vessels that can show show signs of COPD
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chest x-ray or CT
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measure the oxygen level in your blood using a sample of blood taking from am artery
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arterial blood gas test
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at this stage of COPD patient is probably unaware that lung function is starting to decline
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mild
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at this stage of COPD symptoms progress with shortness of braeth developing upon exertion
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moderate
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at this stage of COPD shortness of breathe becomes worse and exacerbations are common
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severe
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at this stage of COPD quality of life is gravely impaired. exacerbations can be life threatening
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very severe
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how many people have schizophrenia?
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1% of population
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the following are what kind of schizophrenia symptoms?
- get voices and hallucinations -apathetic and isolated -delusions |
positive
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the following are what kind of schizophrenia symptoms?
- flat look to face - lack of energy - slow speech-- latency of - social withdrawal |
negative
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what are some treatments for schizophrenia?
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antipsychotic medications: thorozene, haldon
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vision deficit in response to the increased intraocular pressure caused by an excessive accumulation of aqueous humor
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glaucoma
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type of glaucoma that frequently develops in older adults after the age of 50
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chronic glaucoma
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type of glaucoma that is inherited
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congenital glaucoma
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type of glaucoma that is caused by a developmental abdnormality, agin, or scar tissue in the eye from trauma or infection
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narrow- angle glaucoma
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type of glaucoma that may result from using drugs such as steroids, previous eye injury, inflammation, tumor, cataracts, diabetes
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secondary glaucoma
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how many people in the US are estimated to have glaucoma?
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4 million
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the following are signs and symptoms for what?
- insidious onset - increase of intraocular pressure is 1st indicator - blurred vision in response to increased pressure - appearance of halos around lights - loss of peripheral vision |
chronic glaucoma
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the following are signs and symptoms for what?
- ususually large eyes -excessive tearing -cloudy eyes - lights sensitivity |
congenital glaucoma
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the following are signs and symptoms for what?
- intraocular pressure rising quickly -eye pain -nausea -head ache -blurred vision -bulging cornea -cloudy cornea - dilate pupil or unresponsive pupil |
narrow- angle glaucoma
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measuring pressure in the eye
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tonometry
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asses the optic nerve
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opthalmoscopy
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test the peripheral vision
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perimetry
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check the eyes drainage
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gonioscopy
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measure cornea thickness
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pachymetry
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the following medical interventions are beneficial for what?
- eye drops (Timolol or Betaxolol) -trabeculoplasty or trabeculectomy (deepen anterior chamber to increase drainage) - aqueous shunt surgery - peripheral iredectomy - laser iridotomy |
glaucoma
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A progressive opacity or clouding of the lens.
Size, Site, and Density of the opacity vary among individuals and may even differ in one individual’s two eyes. |
cataracts
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cataracts affect how many people age 45 and older
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20.5 million
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cataracts are most common in what gender and age?
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women 60-80
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what is the main cause of cataracts
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proteins in lens become less soluble
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the following are signs and symptoms for what diagnosis?
Cloudy or Blurry Vision (becomes worse and darker with time) Colors Seem Faded Glare (Head lights, lamps, and sun seem too bright. A halo may appear around light.) Poor Night Vision Double Vision or Multiple images in one eye. Frequent prescription changes in contacts or eye glasses. |
cataracts
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how are cataracts diagnosed?
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visual acuity test
dilated eye exam tonometry |
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what are some medical interventions for cataracts?
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surgery
increasing glasses perscription |
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disease associated with aging that gradually destroys sharp, central vision
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age related macular degeneration
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More severe type of AMD
Occurs when abnormal blood vessels behind the retina start to grow under the macula These new blood vessels tend to be very delicate and often leak blood and fluid The blood and fluid will then raise the macula from its normal place from the back of the eye This damage to the macula results in rapid central vision loss Once this vision is destroyed, it cannot be restored |
wet age related macular degeneration
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Not as severe
Occurs when the light-sensitive cells in the macula slowly break down, gradually blurring central vision in the affected eye As dry AMD gets worse, you may see a blurred spot in the center of your vision As less of the macula functions, central vision is gradually lost Characterized by the presence of drusen (dots of yellow crystalline deposits that develop within the macula) Can effect color perception |
dry age related macular degeneration
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what is the leading cause of vision loss of americans 60+
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age related macular degeneration
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how many people have dry macular degeneration
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90%
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how many people are affected with macular degeneration-- advanced form
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1.75 million
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what is the greatest risk factor for macular degeneration
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age
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are females or males more likely to develop macular degeneration
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females
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the most common early sign is blurred vision
As fewer cells in the macula are able to function, people will see details less clearly in front of them Ex. Faces or words in a book |
dry AMD
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the classic early symptom is that straight lines may appear wavy or irregular
This results when fluid from the leaking blood vessels gathers and lifts the macula, distorting vision A small blind spot resulting in loss of one's central vision Central vision loss can occur very quickly |
wet AMD
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what is the screening tool used to diagnose macular degeneration
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amsler grid
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the following are medical interventions for what diagnosis?
Laser surgery Photodynamic therapy Injections into the eye New drug, pegaptanib (Macugen) may also slow vascular growth |
wet AMD
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No treatment exists
Nutrition is assessed to ensure vitamin, mineral and antioxidant intake are sufficient A high-dose formulation of antioxidants and zinc has been shown to reduce the risk of advanced AMD Once it reaches the advanced stage, no type of treatment can prevent vision loss |
dry AMD
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what is the prognosis for AMD
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only loss of central vision, not peripheral.. most can still have function in life
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An acute sight-threatening problem that occurs when the retina tears away from the underlying choroid.
The retina cannot function when not attached to the supportive tissue layers and if not corrected as soon as possible it may cause permanent vision loss. |
detached retina
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this is caused by marked myopia (nearsightedness due to thinner retinas and longer eyeballs), degeneration with aging, or scar tissue that creates tension on the retina.
LASIK Surgery, Cataract surgery, tumors, eye diseases and systemic diseases like diabetes, diabetic retinopathy and sickle cell disease. Also sometime fluid movement in the eye can detach the retina. |
detached retina
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what is the risk of retinal detachment in 100,000 per year?
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5
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the following are signs and symptoms for what diagnosis?
Spots Floaters Flashes of light Blurry or poor vision Seeing a shadow or “dark curtain” in visual field. |
detached retina
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Opthamoscopy (shining light in to visualize the retina)
Still Lamp Examination (shining light in to visualize the retina) Ultrasound Fluorescein Angiography (dye-aided photography of the retina) Standard Vision Tests: •Refraction Test •Color Perception •Pupillary Reflex Response all these test are to diagnose what? |
detached retina
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what is the medical intervention required for detached retina?
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scleral buckling or laser therapy
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what is the prognosis for detached retina?
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if left untreated can result in permanent loss of vision
may take months to improve and may never restore |