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133 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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never found in serum electrophoresis
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fibrinogen
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absence of plasma cells
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bruton
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Bence Jones protein
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light
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never found in serum electrophoresis
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fibrinogen
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absence of plasma cells
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bruton
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Bence Jones protein
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light
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plasma cell tumors scattered throughout skeleto
IgG most frequently produced light chains greater than heavy chains in half of patients (bence jones) |
multiple myeloma
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never found in serum electrophoresis
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fibrinogen
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absence of plasma cells
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bruton
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sex-linked, recurrent bacterial infections, b cells absent, absence of plasma cells, all Ig's decreased, T cells normal
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bruton's aggamaglobulinemia
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Bence Jones protein
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light
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plasma cell tumors scattered throughout skeleto
IgG most frequently produced light chains greater than heavy chains in half of patients (bence jones) |
multiple myeloma
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why are bence jones proteins not seen in serum
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they are excreted by the kidneys
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combines with free hemoglobin
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haptoglobin
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how much hgb is bound per 100 mL serum using haptoglobin
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40-180mg/100mL
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haptoglobin is an
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alpha 2 globin
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haptoglobin is decreased in
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liver diseases, and hemolotic anemia
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haptoglobin is increased in
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inflammation and nephrotic syndrome
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protein found in gram per deciliter concentrations in serum
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albumin
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albumin +uromodulin (Tamm-Horsfall) proteins
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composition of urine
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helpful in early detection of diabetic nephropathy
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microalbuminuria
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small gradual increases in albumin excretion that is associated with diabetic nephropathy
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microalbuminuria
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beta globulins involved in immunologicval diseases
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complement
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compliment factors are present in low concentrations, the range is
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1-15 mg/dL
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compliments are decreased in
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active immunological diseases
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marked decrease of both T and B cells
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severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)
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decreased gamma globulins are found in
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bruton's agammaglobulinemia, digeorge syndrome, and severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)
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Marker for liver cancer
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alpha 1 fetoprotein AFP
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<0.0001 mg/dL (adults)
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alpha 1 fetoprotein AFP
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1-40mg/dL Newborns
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alpha 1 fetoprotein
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increased in hepatoma, pregnancy, and open neural tube defect
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alpha 1 fetoprotein
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the net charge of all serum protein swhen placed in a buffer with pH of 8.6
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negative
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protein in an alklanine pH relative to pi
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negative charge
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converts the gel pattern into a paper tracing for fraction quantization
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densitometer
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exposing the band to light source, the light generates a peak that is g0oing to be high and broad depending on density of band. Albumin is higher and wider than alpha 1
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densitometry
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micromethod for total protein
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BCA
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total protein method sensitive to ug/mL
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BCA
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size of proteins excreted in nephrotic syndrome
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small
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what happens to band with if you electrophorese longer than usual
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increases
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type of interference experienced by the biuret method when sample is hemolyzed
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positive
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pre-beta lipoprotein
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VLDL
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40-80% trigleceride
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VLDL
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triglyceride/5=
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vldl
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alpha 2 lipoprotein recommended
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less than 30 mg/dL
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trygleciride recommended
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less than 150mg/dL
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fewest number of peptide bonds which a protein must have to be detected by biuret
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2
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biuret requires a pH
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greater than 8
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type of proteinemia increase caused by multiple myeloma
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absolute
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thype of protienemia increase caused by acute phase reaction
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absolute
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type of proteinemia increase caused by dehydration
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relative
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reference range for total protein
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6.4-8.2g/dL
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marker for GI cancer
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CEA
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normal fetal gut protein, increased in GI cancer 70-90% of the time
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alpha 1 carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
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pool of many monoclonal antibodies
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polyclonal (gammopathy)
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increase in antibodies
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multiple myeloma, monoclonal, polyclonal gammopathies, waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, heavy chain disease
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plasmacytoid lymphocytes secreting IgM
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Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia
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plasma cells producing only heavy chain
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heavy chain disease
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separates proteins by charge only
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agarose
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affects movement if it affects net charge, may also depend on the matrix used
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molecular weight and shape
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voltage x current x time
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heat (temperature)
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evaporation of buffer during electrophoresis, movement of buffer up from wick towards matrix center
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wick flow
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sudan black B will stain
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lipid
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oil red o will stain
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lipid
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ponceau S is a
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general stain
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bromphenol blue is a
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general stain
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amido black is a
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general stain
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coomassie blue is a
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general stain
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of all protein bands, gamma globulin is closest to this electrophoretic pole
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cathode
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alpha 1 acute phase protein
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antitrypsin,
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alpha 2 acute phase protein
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haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin
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if acute phas proteins need to be made, this beta globulin is recycled and decreases
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transferrin
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this is an acute phase protein beta gloibulin that increases in inflammation
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fibrinogen
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reference value of <0.8 mg/dL for "regular" methods, increases within 24-48 hours after MI and reaches 2000x normal
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c reactive protein
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reference value of <0.8 mg/dL for "regular" methods, increases within 24-48 hours after MI and reaches 2000x normal
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c reactive protein
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increase in alpha 2, decrease in albumin
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nephrotic syndrome
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decrease in albumin, combining of gamma and beta
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cirrhosis
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decrease in albumin, increase in alpha 1
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acute phase reaction
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decrease in albumin, increase in alpha 1 and gamma
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chronic inflammation
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decrease in albumin, increase in gamma, and widening of gamma
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polyclonal gammopathy
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decrease in albumin and huge increase in gamma
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monoclonal gammopathy
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serum vs plasma
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increase in beta
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binds copper in vivo
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ceruloplasmin
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ceruloplasmin is found in
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alpha 2
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binds 6 copper atoms/molecule
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ceruloplasmin
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is decreased in wilson's disease, nephrotic syndrome and is increased in acute phase reactions
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alpha 2 ceruloplasmin
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gamma globulins can be found on the cathode side of the application point
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endosmosis
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insoluble in pure water but soluble in salt concentrations greater than 20%
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globulins
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measures concentration by using light scatter
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nephelometer
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increased in nephrotic syndrome
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macroglobulin
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250-350 mg/dL
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alpha 2 macroglobulin
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protease inhibitor
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alpha 2 macroglobulin
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decreased in liver disease and diabetes mellitus
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alpha 2 macroglobulin
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found in monoclonal gammopathies
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spike
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albumin is the protein band attracted most strongly to this electrophoretic pole
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anode
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common patient symptom with hypoalbuminemia
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edema
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classical electrophoresis finding with patients with liver cirrhosis
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bridge
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reference method for total protein
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kheldahl
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T cell deficiency
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DiGeorge
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separates proteins by size
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polyacrylamide
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electrophoresis band whic hwill be increased if plasma is run isntead of serum
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beta
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protein which transports Fe+3
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transferrin
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alpha 1 lipoprotein
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HDL
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alpha 2 liporotein
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vldl
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increased in types IIb, IV and V hyperlioporteinemia
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VLDL
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beta lipoprotein
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LDL
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45% cholesterol 25% protien
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beta lipoprotein (LDL)
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increased in nephrotic syndrome, type II hyperlipoproteinemia, and decreaeed in healthy
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beta lipoprotein (LDL)
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recommended <100mg/dL
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LDL beta lipoprotein
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albumin method
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BCG
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linear to 2000 ug/mL
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bicinchonic acid
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reacts with both albumin and globulins, positive interference with drugs
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SSA or tricholoracetic (acid precipitation)
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factor which affects both migration rate and direction of movement in electrophoresis
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pH
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multiple myeloma (total protein) absolute increase or decrease, or relative increase or decrease
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absolute increase
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multiple myeloma (bence jones proteins) absolute increase or decrease, or relative increase or decrease
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absolute increase
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nephrotic syndrome (albumin) type of increase/decrease
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absolute decrease
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nephrotic syndrome (alpha 2 macroglobulin) type of increase/decrease
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relative
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kwashiorkor (total protein) type of increase/decrease
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absolute decrease
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inlfammation (alpha 1 antitrypisin) type of increase/decrease
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absolute increase
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dehydration (total protein) type of increase/decrease
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relative increase
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wilson's disease (ceruloplasmin) type of increase/decrease
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absolute decrease
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does the buffer pH affect the direction of movement, the rate of movement or both
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both since that determines whether the protein will take ona net positive or negative charge (direction_) and how big that charge will be (rate)
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does the ionic strength of the buffer affect the direction of movement, rate of movement, or both
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rate since it affects how much of an buffer ion cloud is around the protein
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does the time allowed for the electrophoresis run affect the direction of movement, rate of movement, or both
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rate since the longer you let the electrophoresis run, the farther apart the proteins will be
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does the matrix used for the electrophoresis affect the direction of movement, the rate of movement or both
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rate (in page) since the larger the holes in the matrix webbing, the faster a protein can migrate if its the right size
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how do you find the albumin in an electrophoresis
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look for the darkest in the control sample
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what is the prefered sample for the hemocue
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urine, most likely a random one rather than a timed
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what reagent in the hemocue recognizes the patient albumin
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anti-human albumin antibody
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what signal is generated to be used for quantitation in the hemocue?
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percent transmittance, meaning how the cloudiness (turbidity) in the cuvette from the antigen antibody complexes prevents light from reaching the photodetector
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in the hemocue this signal is related to the amount of ___ in the cuvette
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turbidity
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the homocue method would be considered ____ proprtional because ____
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inversely since the signal of percent t decreases as teh concentration of albumin increases, the number of complexes increase leading to higher turbidity and less light getting through
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which calculation is this hemocue not capable of doing
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beers law, since absorbance is not the signa, eGFR (estimated glomurelar filter rate) since this needs only serum creatinin, albuimin/creatine ratio, since urine creatine cannot be done on this, and A=abc because thgat describes the absorbance
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what is teh algorithm which most liekley is used to calculate the final results in the hemocue
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the manufacterer says teh instrament was factory caliibrated, that means the manufacterer already determined the relationship between decrease of signal and albumin concentration. and has validated that thisa relationship is a consistent one, up to 150 mg/L, they have placed an electronic formula into the instrument that is the same as reading the percent T off of a curve
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what is the hemocue's analytical measurement range (AMR)?
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5-150mg/L
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