Clinical Chemistry Exam 2

Front 1

Type of Samples, tests what analyte:
1.Serum,Plasma or Whole Blood
2.Urine
3.Meconium

Back 1

1.Blood: preferred for many toxic agents
2. for drugs of abuse
3.first stool of newborn, test drug abuse of mother

Front 2

Theories of Chromatographies
1.Ion Exchange
2.Adsorption

Back 2

1.Ion exchange:separation is based on exchange of ions between surface and elements
2.separation is due to series of adsorption and desorption steps

Front 3

Theories of Chromatographies
1.Affinity
2.Partition
3.Size exclusion

Back 3

1.The analyte (enzyme, antibody, antigen, tissue receptor, etc.) binds to the support-bound ligand.It is eluted
2.Based on solute partitioning between two liquid phases
3.based on molecular size

Front 4

Definition:
1.Mobile Phase:
2.Stationary Phase:

Back 4

1.A gas or liquid that percolates through or along the stationary bed in a definite direction
2.1 of 2 phases forming a chromatographic system; may be solid, gel or liquied
**Mobile phase carries the sample through a bed, layer or column containing the stationary phase.

Front 5

Define:
1.Retention Factor

Back 5

1.a measure of time the sample solute components resides in the stationary phase relative to mobile phase

Front 6

Define
1.Efficiency Factor

Back 6

A measure of eddy flow in flow rates of the mobile phase as it goes through the stationary phase

Front 7

Define
1.Selectivity factor

Back 7

1.a measure of the relative separation of the solutes related to the physical interaction between solute molecule and stationary phase

Front 8

Test Samples
1.Sweat
2.Hair
3.Saliva

Back 8

1.collect over long term on absorbent pad to monitor drug abuse in prison
2.one can chronicle over time prior to drug use
3.reflects the free fraction of the drug concentration.

Front 9

1.What is a toxidrome?

Back 9

toxidrome: the effects of toxic-related drugs and chemical agents can be classified into syndromes groups.

Front 10

Toxidrome Groupings
1.SLUD

Back 10

Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Defecation
*relates to agents that decrease cholinesterase activity. ex:organophosphate and carbamite pesticides like "parathion"

Front 11

Toxidrome Groupings
2.DIME

Back 11

Diuretics, Isopropanol, Methanol, Ethanol, Ethylene Glycol
*agents that can cause an increased osmolal gap

Front 12

Toxidrome Groupings
3.SEPTIM

Back 12

Salicylates, Strychnine, Ethanol, Ethylene Glycol, Paraldehyde, Toluene, Iron, Isoniazid, Methanol
*Causes increase in anion gap

Front 13

When is it appropriate to do
Single Testing in Toxicology?

Back 13

1.Asses severity of poisoning
2.Indicate likely prognosis
3.To asses need for antidotes or elimination techniques

Front 14

When is it appropriate to do multiple testing in Toxicology

Back 14

1.Assess late or delayed absorption (slow release tablets)
2.Asses efficacy of treatment
3.Help decide when to start long term therapy if needed.

Front 15

1.Test for carbon monoxide
2. What samples to use

Back 15

1.Manual spetrophotometric methods (ER use cooximeter)
Absorbance at 555 and 541 but COhb has greater abs at 541.
2.Whole Blood (EDTA or heparin)

Front 16

1.Test for Methemoglobin agents
2.Samples to use
3. Test for Ethanol
4.Samples:

Back 16

1.Co-oximeter
2. Whole Blood EDTA or heparin
3.Enzymatic (ADH) monitored at 340 nm, Breath Analyzers, Single Unit Assay Cards for saliva and urine testing
4.Either serum, plasma, whole blood or urine

Front 17

1.Test for Cyanide
2. Whole blood (oxalate) or serum
3.Test for Isopropanol
4.Samples

Back 17

1.Manual micro diffusion/colorimetric or diffusion/ ISE assay
2.Whole Blood
3.Enzymatic (ADH)
4.Serum, plasma, or whole blood

Front 18

1.Test for Methanol
2.Sample

Back 18

1.GC analysis (ADH metabolizes methanol to formaldehyde and formic acids, Qualitative test Chromotropic Acid Test (Turns purple with permanganate,an oxidized methanol)
1.Serum, Plasma, or whole Blood.

Front 19

1. Test for Ethylene Glycol
2.Samples

Back 19

1.GC Testing or urine testing for presence of Ca++Oxalate crystals.
2. Serum, Plasma, Whole Blood

Front 20

1.Test for Iron
2. Samples

Back 20

1.Photometric Iron and UIBC assay
2.Serum

Front 21

1.Test for Lead
2.Samples

Back 21

1.Anodic stripping Voltametry (ASV), or Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)
2.Whole Blood Sample

Front 22

1.Tests for Tricyclic Antidepressants, Phenothiazines, Antihistamines

Back 22

1.Immunosassay, TLC, GC/MS or HPLC.

Front 23

1.Test for Acetaminophen
2.Sample used

3.Test for Aspirin
4.Sample used

Back 23

1.Immunoassay specific for acetominophen, less often, automated colorimetric assays can be used.
2.Serum
3.Colorimetric Spot Test employs FeCl3 or Phenistix.(gives purple color)
4.Serum

Front 24

1.Test for Lithium
2.Samples used

Back 24

1.ISE Technology or a Colorimetric Method. Some labs still utilize Flame Photometry.
2.Usually serum or plasma. Urine and other body fluids may be tested.

Front 25

Clinical Lab Correlations in Toxicity with Ethanol and Other Alcohols

Ethanol
Isopropanol
Ethylene Glycol
Methanol

Back 25

Alcohol

Ethanol
Isopropanol
Ethylene Glycol
Methanol

Front 26

Van Deemter Equation

Back 26

VanDeemter Equation

HETP:



where A:Eddy Effusion
B:Longtitudinal diffusion
C:resistance to Mass Transfer (retention factor)
U: aver. velocity of the mobile phase

Front 27

1. 2 reasons for analyte derivitization?

Back 27

1.To stableize molecule, to enhance to specificity and sensitivity of separation

Front 28

Planar Chromatography
and Rf

Back 28

Planar Chromatography uses glass or plastic plate coated with a thin layer of sorbent.

** Rf = a ratio of spot distance to solvent front migration

Front 29

GC components

Back 29

Mobile phase supply

Flow Controller

Injector

Columns

Detector

Waste

Front 30

HPLC components

Back 30

1. Solvent reservoir for mobile phase
2.Pump/s to forice the liq. mobile phase thru system
3.an Injector to introduce aliq. to the column.
4. Chromatographic column to separate solutes
5.on line detector to detect sep analytes
6. computer

Front 31

Reverse vs. Normal Phase

Back 31

Reverse: Less polar stationary phase than normal
Normal: stationary is MORE polar than mobile phase.