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137 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is responsible for:
muscle contraction glycogen metabolism hormone secretion blood homeostasis enzyme activation |
intracellular calcium
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What increases absorption of calcium and phosphorus when their levels are low?
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Vitamin D
(1,25 dihydroxychoecalciferol DHCC) |
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____ has to be activated by the PTH for vitamin D absorption to take place.
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1-alpha hydoxylase
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What causes Rickett's in children and osteomalacia in adults?
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vitamin D deficiency
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Biologically active PTH is on the ___ terminal and has a half life of___.
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N terminal
15-20 minutes |
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What is stimulated by decreased calcium levels in plasma and enhances osteoclast activity in bones?
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PTH
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What causes the release of Ca and P into the plasma and increases renal tubular reabsorption of Ca?
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PTH
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Labs:
Increased serum Ca Increased urine P decreased serum P |
PTH
(Inhibits phosphorus reabsorption. Excretes Phosphorus) |
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Calcitonin comes from _____ or ____ of the thyroid gland.
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parafollicular or C-cells
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What is stimulated by increased Ca and inhibits osteoclast activity in the bones?
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calcitonin
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Labs:
decreased serum Ca increased urine Ca Removes Ca from plasma |
calcitonin
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These are symptoms of?
GI symptoms neurologic changes coma (severe) kidney stones (untreated) osteopenia (untreated) |
hypercalcemia
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The number one cause of hypercalcemia is?
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primary hyperparathyroidism
other causes: malignancy sarcoidosis hypervitaminosis of vitamin D immobilization |
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Tetany, spasms and convulsions are signs and symptoms of?
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hypocalcemia
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The following all cause what?
hypoparathyroidism pseudohypoparathyroidism vitamin D deficiency renal tubular disease GI malabsorption acute pancreatitis |
hypocalcemia
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What is caused by adenoma or hyperplasia of the parathyroid and causes:
increased serum Ca increased urine Ca increased urine P increased ALP increased PTH decreased serum P |
Primary hyperparathyroidism
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Thinning of bones, fractures, altered mental status and kidney stones are signs/symptoms of?
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primary hyperparathyroidism
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what are PTH related proteins that are produced by cancer cells and cause hypercalcemia?
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Ectopic (tumor producing) PTHrP hyperparathyroidism
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Labs:
increased Ca increased urine Ca increased urine P decreased P PTH suppressed |
Ectopic (tumor producing) PTHrP hyperparathyroidism
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In what disease is the parathyroid gland healthy and normal but PTH is increased due to threat of hypocalcemia from drugs, chronic renal disease, vitamin D deficiency, or intestinal malabsorption?
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secondary hyperparathyroidism
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The following are signs/symptoms of?
tetany drying skin brittle hair hypotension GI upset |
primary hypoparathyroidism
(hyposecretion of PTH) |
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_________ is caused by removal of parathyroid gland, trauma, radiation therapy, or head/neck surgery.
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primary hypoparathyroidism
(treat with high does Ca and Vit D) |
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Labs:
increased Ca increased P decreased PTH |
primary hypoparathyroidism
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_______ is an inherited tubular resistance to biological activity of PTH (defect in signaling of receptor).
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pseudohypoparathyroidism
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What causes an accumulation of P in the plasma, thinning of bones (renal osteodystrophy), and increased PTH that cannot respond to decreased Ca?
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pseudohypoparathyroidism
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What causes hyperactivity of osteoclasts, constant remodeling of bones and thickened/misshapen bone surfaces?
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Paget's Disease
(uncommon) |
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Labs:
decalcified holes in bones increased Ca increased P increased ALP DECREASED PTH |
Paget's Disease
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What are the 3 main causes of bone disorders?
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metastatic cancer
Paget's disease tumor pressing on bone |
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What disease causes reduction of bone mass from aging or inactivity?
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osteoporosis
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Labs:
All labs normal except increased pyridinoline in urine |
osteoporosis
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What method uses octyl-phenyl-phosphonate as the ionophore and uses whole blood or serum/plasma for Ca?
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ISE Method
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In what method is whole blood or serum plasma not exposed to air, uses heparin as an anticoagulant, is kept on ice and is less than 1 hour old?
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ISE Method
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Dye+Ca2----->colored dye- Ca complex
Ca2+Ca-albumin+Ca-salt+dye---->dye complex+albumin+salt |
Dye binding method (Arsenzo method)
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______ Stimulate general metabolism, growth, maturation, sexual development, stimulates protein synthesis, carb and lipid metabolism, effects heart rate, effects heart contraction and aids in neurological development.
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Thyroid hormones
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Synthesis of thyroid hormones requires ____.
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dietary iodide
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What proteins do thyroid hormones bind to?
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TBG (thyroxine binding globulin)
TBPA (thyroxine binding pre-ablumin) Albumin |
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What protein does T3 and T4 mostly bind to and is synthesized by the liver?
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TBG
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What stimulates the hypothalamus to secrete TRH?
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decreased free T4
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What stimulates the pituitary to secret TSH?
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TRH
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What stimulates the thyroid gland to increase synthesis of T4 and T3?
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TSH
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What is more physiologically active than T4 but has less in circulation that T4 does?
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T3 Tri-iodothyronine
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_____ is analyzed when hyperthyroidism is suspected and T4 is normal.
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T3
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What is a glycoprotein hormone that is secreted from the anterior pituitary that causes hyperplasia so that more iodide can be trapped to synthesize more thyroid hormones?
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TSH
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What is an enlargement of the thyroid gland that causes swelling in the front part of the neck?
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Goiter
(from hyperplasia produced by TSH) |
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What causes:
increased T3 and T4 decreased TSH weight loss sweat anxiety tremor goiter exophthalmos muscle weakness tachycardia hyperthermia |
Graves' Disease
(Primary hyperthyroidism) |
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What disease is characterized by an autoimmune production of an antibody that resembles TSH and causes increased T3 and T4 and decreased/normal TSH?
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Graves disease
(Primary hyperthyroidism) |
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What causes:
decreased T3 and T4 increased TSH slowdown of metabolic process weight gain cold intolerance lethargy |
primary hypothyroidism
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What is congenital primary hypothyroidism that causes mental and somatic retardation?
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cretinism
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What is adult primary hypothyroidism that causes goiter, thickening of skin, hoarseness in speech, and weight gain?
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myxedema
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What is an autoimmune disease where thyroglobulin autoantibodies are present and massive infiltration of the thyroid gland by lymphocytes takes place?
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Hashimoto's disease
(primary hypothyroidism) |
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_______ requires replacement of thyroid hormone to inhibit TSH secretion.
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Hashimoto's disease
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Labs:
decreased TSH increased T4 increased T3 |
primary hyperthyroidism
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Labs:
increased TSH increased T4 increased T3 |
secondary hyperthyroidism
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Labs:
increased TSH decreased T4 decreased T3 |
primary hypothyroidism
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Labs:
decreased TSH decreased T4 decreased T3 |
secondary hypothyroidism
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What syndrome is characterized by a normal thyroid gland with an acute serious disease that uses up thyroid hormones faster so that the body can fight off the illness?
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Euthyroid sick syndrome
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What can be used to differentiate thyroid disease from euthyroid sick syndrome?
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THBR
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____ is a mineralocorticoid produced and secreted by zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex, is a steroid hormone and is bound to CBP and albumin.
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Aldosterone
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What stimulates sodium reabsorption in the DCT, regulates extracellular fluid volume, and increases blood pressure and blood volume via the renin-angiotensin system?
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aldosterone
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____ is a glucocorticoid steroid hormone produced and secreted by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex under ACTH and is bound to CBG.
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cortisol
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What is the precursor steroid of cortisol?
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11-deoxycortisol
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What increases glucose by suppressing secretion of insulin, breaks down protein in the liver, stimulates erythropoeisis, and acts as an anti-inflammatory (but too much can suppress immune response)?
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Cortisol
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What stimulates the hypothalamus to secrete CRH?
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decreased cortisol
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What stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete ACTH?
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CRH
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What stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol?
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ACTH
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____ are steroid hormones that are produced by the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex.
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Adrenal androgens
(testosterone and androstenedione) |
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___ are produced by the hydroxylation of the amino acid tyrosine.
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catecholamines
(norepinephrine-CNS and epineprhine-adrenal medulla) |
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The following are functions of what?
Neurotransmitter actions Released in response to pain and emotional disturbance Slows digestion Increases BP, heart rate, and blood sugar Dilates arteries |
Catecholamines
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____ results from renin-secreting tumors and excessive ingestion of licorice.
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hyperaldosteronism
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Labs:
decreased plasma K increased Na increased aldosterone metabolic alkalosis |
hyperaldosteronism
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Fatigue, weakness and hypertension are symptoms of?
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hyperaldosteronism
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What disease causes aldosterone secreting adrenal adenoma or hyperplasia with decreased renin due to response by the kidneys?
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primary hyperaldosteronism
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What disease causes excessive production of renin resulting in increased aldosterone production?
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secondary hyperaldosteronism
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____ is due to damaged adrenal gland, decreased renin production by kidneys or G layer enzyme deficiency.
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hypoaldosteronism
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Labs:
decreased plasma Na decreased aldosterone decreased BP increased K metabolic acidosis |
hypoaldosteronism
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What disease is characterized by adrenal insufficiency with decreased production of adrenal hormones?
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Addison's disease
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Labs:
decreased plasma Na decreased aldosterone decreased BP increased K increased ACTH metabolic acidosis |
Primary hypoaldosteronism
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labs:
Normal plasma Na Normal K Normal aldosterone decreased BP decreased ACTH |
secondary hypaldosteronism
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The following are symptoms of?
dehydration decreased kidney function shock All over tan (primary only increased ACTH) |
hypoaldosteronism
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____ is characterized by increased cortisol production by adrenal gland and increased ACTH from pituitary.
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cushing's syndrome (hypercortisolism)
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The following cause?
overtreatment with corticosteroids benign hormone secreting pituitary adenoma |
cushings syndrome
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The following are symptoms of?
hyperglycemia change in fat and water distribution bruising poor wound healing weight gain trunkal obesity (buffalo hump) weakening bones depression moon face |
primary cushing's syndrome
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labs:
increased FBS increased plasma cortisol at 8am and 11pm decreased ACTH at 8am increased urinary cortisol |
primary cushing's syndrome
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____ causes hyperpituitarism and hyper ACTH secretion due to tumor.
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secondary cushing's syndrome
(secondary hypercortisolism) |
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Labs:
increased FBS increased plasma cortisol at 8am and 11pm increased ACTH at 8am increased urinary cortisol |
secondary cushing's syndrome
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____ is characterized by insulin sensitivity, hypoglycemia, imbalances in carbs, fat and protein metabolism, and weakness.
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primary hypocortisolism
(Addison's disease) |
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Labs:
increased cortisol increased BP decreased ACTH no dexamethasone suppression |
primary hypercortisolism
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labs:
increased cortisol increased ACTH increased BP Dexamethasone suppression in pituitary not ectopic. |
secondary hypercortisolism
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Labs:
decreased cortisol increased ACTH decreased BP |
primary hypocortisolism
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Labs:
decreased cortisol decreased ACTH decreased BP |
secondary hypocortisolism
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_____ is a method for cortisol analysis that uses a color reaction or sulfuric induced fluorescence.
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Porter-Silber Method
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____ is dependent upon its chemical makeup and configuration, including hyroxylation of the 17th carbon atom.
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cortisol analysis
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What syndrome is a genetic disorder that is due to lack of the enzyme needed to synthesize cortisol?
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androgenital syndrome
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What syndrome is characterized by no cortisol production, increased ACTH and is unable to synthesize aldosterone (Addison's disease)?
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Adrenogenital syndrome
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Lab testing:
testosterone aldosterone genetic testing |
for adrenogenital syndrome
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Symptoms:
Males= no symptoms to gonadal dysfunction and infertility. Adult female= Virilization (masculinity) Fetus= Masculine phenotype or ambiguous genitals. |
Adrenogenital syndrome
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____ is formed from a catecholamine producing tumor from chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla.
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Pheochromacytoma
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The following are symptoms of?
headache periodic sweating anxiety hypertension |
pheochromacytoma
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What test is used to determine whether the increased BP is caused by adrenal gland tumor or by other factors?
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Clonidine Suppression Test
(if tumor is present, catecholamine levels will not be changed) |
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___ is the predominant estrogen in non pregnant females and causes secondary sexual characteristics.
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Estradiol E2
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___ is the metabolic product of estradiol with little biological activity.
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Estrone E1
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___ is predominant in pregnancy and is synthesized by the placenta.
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Estriol E3
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In circulation, some testosterone is converted to _____ which has greater biological activity.
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dihydro-testosterone (DHT)
(maturation of genitals and secondary sexual characteristics) |
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____ is a female sex steroid hormone that is produced by the corpus luteum and functions in growth and vascularization of uterine lining in prep for fertilized ovum.
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Progesterone
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E2 and testosterone are bound to ___ is circulation.
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SHBG
sex hormone-binding globulin |
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Progesterone is bound to ____.
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CBG
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What stimulates pituitary secretion of LH and FSH?
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GnRH
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The posterior pituitary produces ____ for uterine contractions during labor and breast milk ejection during lactation.
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oxytocin
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What stimulates growth and mitosis/meiosis of gametes and synthesis and release of inhibin?
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FSH
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Pregnant women with increased inhibin are associated with ____.
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down syndrome
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____ triggers the release of gametes by stimulating secreting of hormone by supporting cells.
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LH
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In men, the negative feedback happens ______.
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continuously
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In women, the negative feedback happens ______.
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once every 28 days (menstrual cycle)
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Decreased ____ stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete FSH, which then stimulates spermatogonia to grow.
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decreased testosterone
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Decreased ____ stimulates pituitary to secrete LH, which stimulates the production of testosterone.
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decreased testosterone
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Increased _____ induces follicular development and E2 release.
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FSH
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Increased ____ stimulates anterior piuitary to secrete LH, which stimulates ovaries to stop producing E2.
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E2
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____ causes inhibiton of LH from pituitary.
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progesterone
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What is a dipeptide hormone that is produced by chorionic villi of the implanted blastocyst and triggers the corpus luteum to release progesterone and estrogen?
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hCG
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What is the best pregnancy test?
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Beta-hCG test
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___ helps maintain the uterine lining and the endometrium with an adequate uterine blood supply until the placental synthesis of progesterone begins.
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hCG
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Detectable levels of hCG begins at about ____.
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22 days
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____ is a single polypeptide chain with similarities in structure to growth hormone. Helps prepare the mammary glands for lactation.
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Human placental Lactogen
hPL |
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______ is a pregnancy in which the fertilized ovum is unable to implant in the uterus and remains in the fallopian tubes or ovary.
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ectopic pregnancy
(most common maternal death) |
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_____ results in a tumor growth, rather than a fetus, in the uterus.
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trophoblastic neoplasm
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____ a benign growth which is characterized by abnormal growth of chorionic villi, edema and grape-like clusters of watery sacs in the uterus that are visible by ultrasound.
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hydatiform mole (trophoblastic neoplasm)
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____ is similar to hydatiform mole but the chorionic villi grow to invade the uterine smooth muscles.
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invasive hydatiform mole
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____ is a malignancy in which the chorionic villi invade not only the uterus but spread to the surrounding organs.
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Choriocarcinoma
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If a patient has super high levels of hCG(400,000 IU/L) the patient probably has a ____ and is not pregnant.
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tumor
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____ peak indicates that ovulation has occurred. Used for fertility testing.
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Progesterone
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___ and ___ levels are increased after menopause. Used in infertility testing.
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FSH and LH
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What is the lack of gonadal function?
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hypogonadism
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labs:
decreased gonadal hormone increased gonadotropins (LH & FSH) |
primary hypogonadism
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labs:
decreased gonadal hormones decreased gonadotropins (LH &FSH) |
secondary hypogonadism
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What is excessive androgen production that causes precocious puberty in children and has no effect in adults.
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Hypergonadism
(primary=testicular tumor and secondary=pituitary tumor) |
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What causes excessive androgen-sensitive hair growth in women in areas where hair follicles are not normally found?
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Hirsutisim
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What is excessive adrenal androgen production called?
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Hirsutism
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