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28 Cards in this Set

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Chemical Hygiene Plan

A set of written instructions describing the procedures required to protect employees from health hazards related to hazardous chemicals in the laboratory.

Exposure Control Plan

A set of written instructions describing the procedures necessary to protect laboratory employees against potential exposure to blood-borne pathogens.

Blood Borne Pathogens

Infectious agents or pathogens carried by blood and blood products.

Standard Precautions

Method of infection control in which all blood and body fluids are treated as potentially infectious.

Cation

Positively charged particle

Cathode

Hint: "Cat-abode"


Negative charged pole/terminal

Anion

Negatively charged particle

Anode

Hint: An-abode


Positively charged terminal/pole

Amino Acid

Building block of proteins made up of an amino group, a carboxyl group and a functional group (R) are all bound to the 'alpha' (center) carbon.

Building block of proteins made up of an amino group, a carboxyl group and a functional group (R) are all bound to the 'alpha' (center) carbon.

Peptide bond

When the N terminal and C terminal of two different proteins joined, usually giving off water.

When the N terminal and C terminal of two different proteins joined, usually giving off water.

Polypeptide

A chain of amino acids linked together in a head to tail fashion. A large polypeptide is a protein.

Nutritionally Essential Amino Acids

I Hid Lucy's Tr'y'cycle (while) Valerie Argued L'y'ke Methods Through




Isoleucine, Histidine, Leucine, Tryptophan, Valine, Arginine, Lysine, Methionine, Threonine




Not synthesized in the body and are required to be digested. Arginine is a 'semi-essential'.

PKU Phenylketonuria

Deficient in Phenylalanine Hydroxylase (PAH)

Cannot convert Phenylalanine to Tyrosine


Alternatively has to convert it to phenyl pyruvate which is toxic.


Causes mental retardation in infants/children the longer it goes untreated.


Treatment is dietary restriction of phenylalanine intake.




USES THE GUTHRIE TEST.

Tyrosinemia

Tyrosine builds up:


Type 1 - Deficient in FAA Hydrolase


More sever than type 2 and leads to liver/kidney failure and a risk of cirrhosis and liver cancer later in life


Type 2 - Deficient in Tyrosine Aminotransferase


Half of patients are mentally retarded


Photophobia and lesions on palms of hand and feet.


Treatment is low-protein diet.




TESTED VIA URINALYSIS.

Alkaptonuria

Tyrosine and Phenylalanine build up.


Autosomal recessive gene: HGD --> Deficient in Homogentisate oxidase.


Causes a build up of homogentisic acid (HGA) which causes arthritis in tissue and cartilage.


Urine turns dark when exposed to air.


Treatment is high-doses of Vit. C


TESTED VIA URINALYSIS - FERRIC CHLORIDE-- TURNS BLACK.

Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD)

Deficient in Branched-chain alpha-ketoacid decarboxylase


Autosomal recessive.


Burnt sugar odor of urine, breath, and skin indicating a build up of branched-chain amino acids (Leucine, Isoleucine and Valine) and correspondit ketoacids in the blood, urine, and CSF.


Muscle rigidity, stupor and respiratory irregularities. Can lead to death or mental retardation.


Treated by dietary restriction of Leucine, Isoleucine and Valine.


TESTED VIA A MODIFIED GUTHRIE TEST.

Homocystinuria

Deficient in Cystathionine beta-synthase.


Build up of methionine and precursor: homocysteine.


Indistinct Symptoms if any early in life, leads to defects in connective tissue and muscles, dislocated lenses in the eye, osteoporosis and mental retardation.


Treatment is dietary restriction of methionine (low-protein) and high doses of Vit. B6 (is a cofactor). Others need Trimethylglycine and folic acid as well as cysteine supplements for term of life.


TESTED VIA GUTHRIE TEST USING L-METHIONE METHOD. CONFIRMED WITH HPLC.

Cystinuria

Defect of the amino acid transport system itself, rather than an enzyme.


Results in inadequate absorption of cysteine in the kidney, leaving high levels in the urine which precipitate out in crystals and renal calculi.


Autosomal recessive.


Treament includes the prevention of stones forming via higher fluid intake to reduce concentration in the urine. Failing; penicillamine is prescribed.


TESTED VIA URINE FOR CYSTINE USING CYANIDE NITROPRUSSIDE. (HOMOCYSTEINE CAN CAUSE FALSE POSITIVES).

Normal Ranges for TP and Albumin

TP: 6.5 - 8.3 g/dL


Albumin: 3.5 - 5.5 g/dL

AG Ratio

TP - Albumin. Remaining value is the globulins.


Albumin/Globulin values. = > 1.0 (no units)

CSF Protein normal ranges

15-45 mg/dL


Normally measured with glucose.


Could also indicate:


increased permeability in blood-brain barrier, CSF obstruction or cerebral infarction.


Oligoclonal bands indicate MS.

Serum vs. Plasma

Serum is the same as plasma, but has already gone through clotting and used up all the fibrinogen.


Plasma has not gone through the clotting process and still contains fibrinogen.




(Using plasma on a SPE will show an extra peak band between the beta and gamma).

Protein Structure

*Carboxyl of one amino acid hooks onto the Amino group of a second amino acid via peptide bond.


*Primary: Number and type of AA - peptide bonds


*Secondary: Winding structure - Hydrogen bonds


*Tertiary: 3-d twists and folds - Hydrogen bonds + ionic and disulfide bonds. (Heme)


*Quaternary: Two or more protein chains (Hemoglobin)

Prealbumin

Migrates ahead of Albumin on SPE (because it's smaller/faster) to t he point it doesn't show on the results.


Transports Thyroid hormones like Thyroxine


Decreased indicates poor nutrition.

Albumin

Highest in all TP concentrations (50-60%)


Transports bilirubin, fatty acids, drugs and other substances.


Maintains colloid osmotic pressure. (EDEMA)


Made in the liver.


Bromcresol Green/Purple.


Decreased: Liver disease (decreased synth)


Kidney disease - (increased loss)


Inadequate intake of AA - malnutrition.

Alpha 1 Globulins

a. Alpha1 Antitrypsin - 90% of alpha region - Acute phase reactant - neutralizes trypsin


b. Alpha 1 Fetoprotein - Normally produced only during fetal growth.


Crosses the placenta, measured for abnormalities.


Measured in adults as marker for hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer)


c. Alpha 1 Lipoprotein - HDL - High density Lipoprotein


Transports lipids

Alpha 2 Globulins

a. Haptoglobin - Binds free hemoglobin to prevent loss of iron in the urine. Does not bind to abnormal variants. Decreased amts can be used to ev. deg. of intravascular hemolysis in TF or HDN.


b. Ceruloplasm - Transports copper. Low or absent assc. Wilson's. Copper deposits in skin, liver and brain.


c. Alpha2 Macroglobulin - Large protein, inhibits proteases such as trypsin, pepsin, and plasmin.

Beta Globulins

a. Pre Beta-lipoprotein: VLDL - Very Low Density Lipoprotein. Transports lipids, mainly triglycerides.


b. Transferrin - Binds Iron and transports it. Makes up most of the fraction. Increased in Iron anemia. Decreased overall malnutrition, liver and kidney disease.


c. Hemopexin - Binds circulating Free heme to the liver. Decreased in hemolytic disorders. Increaed in pregnancy, DM,