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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the primary neurotransmitter for the sympathetic nervous system?
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epinephrine, norephrine or dopamine
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what is the primary neurotransmitter for the parasympathetic nervous system?
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acetylcholine
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what effect on energy does the sympathetic nervous system have?
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expending
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what effect on energy does the parasympathetic nervous system have?
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conserving
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Are preganglionic fibers of symph nervous system short or long?
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short
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are preganglionic fibers of parasymph nervous system short or long
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long
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what affect does the sympathetic nervous system have on vitals, etc
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inc HR, inc RR, dilated blood vessels to skeletal muscle, dilated bronchioles
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whate affect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on vitals, etc
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decreases HR and RR, constricts blood vessels to skeletal muscle and bronchioles.
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Can a spinal reflex occur even if the spinal cord is completely severed
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yes
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what risk is assoc with a Class V patient?
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grave
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what Class would an obese 1yr old cat for declaw be
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Class II
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What pre anes test would you run for a 15 yr old Class IV
patient |
Complete blood chemistry, CBC, EKG, UA
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what percentage of the symp nervous system is made up by the vagus nerve
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80%
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a chemical messenger released by the synaptic endbulbs of the telodendra which passes nerve impulses to an adjacent structure
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neurotransmitter
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family of pre-anesthetics with minimal adverse effects on cardio or resp systems
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benzodiazepines
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pre-an class that decreases anxiety but can cause hypotension
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phenothiazine derivatives
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pre-an class that provides excellent analgesia
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opioids
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class of pre-an that blocks stimulation of the vagus nerve
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anticholinergics
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class of pre-an that provides heavy sedation and analgesia
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neuroleptanalgesics
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class of pre-ans that have a reversal available
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thiazine derivatives and opioids
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pre-an
causes bradychadia, 2nd degree heart block, hypotension |
xylazine
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pre-an
contraindicated if pre-existing tachycardia |
atropine
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pr-an with long lasting analgesic effect
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buprenorphine
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pre-an that reduces the seizure threshold
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acepromazine
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pre an that has anticonvulsant effect
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diazepam
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pre an that has antiarrhythmic affect
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acepromazine
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pre-an tranq contraindicated if pt is shocky, hypotensive or anemic
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acepromazine
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anticholinergic that doesnt cross placenta
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glycopyrolate
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where is stethoscope placed for cardiac auscultation in a bird
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at the thoracic inlet or just below the keel with the steth head angled cranially
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Is pulse oximetry useful in birds
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yes
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what does tail bobbing in birds indicate?
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respiratory disease
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how long should a small bird be fasted prior to sx
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2-4 hours to decrease passive regurgitation
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why are uncuffed endo tubes used in birds
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because of inexpandible complete tracheal rings
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why are birds able to vocalize while intubated
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a sound producing syrinx distal to the ET
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are rabbits and rodents fasted
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no- do not vomit
small size, high metabolic rate |
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reccomended anticholinergic in rabbits
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glycopyrolate
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what do you use to intubate rabbits
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canine otoscope, laryngoscope, introducer
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why cant you use a pulse ox in small rodents
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high reart rate, weak signal
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why is it important to monitor body temp in small rodents during sx
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tend to lose heat rapidly, ovreheat rapidly if provided with external heat source
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how can you avoid body heat loss in rodents
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shave small, avoid cold prep solutions, warm any parenteral solutions
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what do you use for anesthetic recovery in small mammals
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warm 80 degrees quiet recovery cage, no sawdust. Feed quickly
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what is the preferred pre-an agent for rabbits
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acepromazine
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does using atropine as pre-an help to control/prevent seizures
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no
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pre-an and inj an agent that sensitizes the heart to arrhthmogenic effects of epinephrine
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pre-ans=zylazine (thiazine derivative/alpah-2 adrenoreceptor agonist)
inj an= thiopental(barbiturate) |
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why is ket used with a tranq
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because it causes rigidity: porr muscle relaxation
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why is thiopental not used in sighthounds
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lack of body fat causes drug to stay in blood longer
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2 contraindications for the barbiturate family of induction agents
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sighthounds(thiopental and pentobarbital)
acidoses, hypoproteinemia, shock, hepatic disease, pediatric patient |
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what happens to reflexes when using cyclohexamines
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catalepsy- reflexes present, jerky. sensitive to sound
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does ket depress cardiac rate or function
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no- it supports it
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advantage/disadvantage of propoflo
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ad= short acting, metabolized quickly
con= expensive, no preservative |
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what drugs good to induce patient in shock
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ket/val
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does propofol provide good analgesia
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no
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2 adverse effects of halothane
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sensitized heart to epinephrine-arrhythmias.
respiratory depression vasodilation-hypothermia hypotension bradycardia |
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of halothane or methoxyflurane- which better for patient with renal disease
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halothane
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mac=
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minimum alveolar concentration
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what do you need to use a non precision vaporizer
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low vapor pressure
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whatindicated rapid induction
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low sulubility
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what indicated potency
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low mac
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which gas anesthetic causes the greatest resp depression
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methoxyflurane
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is nitrous oxide used alone
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no
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1 contraindication to use of nitrous oxide
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resp disease
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diffusion hypoxia=
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If nitrous oxide left in lungs will displace oxygen. Run O2 for a few min after turning an gas off
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how often should anesthetized patient be checked
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every 5 min
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1 clinical sign seen in patient if o2 absorber exhausted-REBREATHER ONLY
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tachyphnea, tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmias, abnormal capnogram
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how can you tell endo tube blocked
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resistance felt when bagging
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how can you prevent bag in semi closed rebreathing circuit from filling too fast
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decrease oxygen flow rate
open pop off valve a little |
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why are geriatric patients at increased risk
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decreased hepatic renal function
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why are pediatric patients at increased risk
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predisposed to hypoglycemia
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how should you anesthetize a brachycephalic breed
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torb- no ace
atropine- decreases vagal tone pre-oxygenate 5 min rapid induction with propoflo, intubate quickly |
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anesthetics safe for c-section
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neuoroleptanalgesic and local,
mask with iso or sevo |
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if an animal has respiratory disease should you mask down
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no
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2 pre an or an drugs to avoid in animal with hepatic disease
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ace
thiopental |
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is iso good for 15 yr old cat with chronic renal failure
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yes
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2 causes of animal being too light
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lack of gas, lack of O2 flow
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what are signs of too light
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inc HR, RR, movement, respone to pain.
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signs of too deep
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low HR, RR, lack of reflexes
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2 causes of pale mm
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blood loss, prior anemia or sx
medetomidine, hypotension |
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causes of dyspnea and cyanosis during sx
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kinked endo tube, resp disease,lack of O2 supply
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what breeds tend to have tachypnea during anesthesia
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toy, obese
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2 drugs that cause tachycardia
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atropine
glyco |
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2 causes of bradycardia
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excessive anesthetic depth, medetomidine
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2 causes of cardiac arrhythmia
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excessive anesthetic depth, shock, hypotension, xylazine
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what drugs treat cardiac arrhythmia
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lidocaine
oxygen |
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safest way to anesthetize animal not fasted
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IV incuction, quick intubation
maintain with iso, sevo |
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causes seizures
treats seizures |
ace
diazepam |
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how would you diagnose and treat laryngospasm during recovery in a cat
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noise on inspiration
Prevent with IV incuction treat with corticosteroids |
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why is it difficult to assess anesthetic depth during a neuromuscular block
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there is an absence of reflexes, jaw tone,
possibly respiration |
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what order are muscles affected in a neuromuscular block
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facial and neck
limb tail and abdominal intercostals and diaphragm |
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what is mintime and temp for steam autoclave once pressure reached
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13 min at 121C/250F at 15psi
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what is flash sterilization
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uncovered instruments- 3 min at 131C/270F
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how long are double wrapped muslin packs sterile for in closed cabinet
open cabinet |
7 weeks
3 weeks |
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single wrapped muslin in open cabinet- sterile for?
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2 days
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most common gas used for chemical sterilization
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ethylene oxide
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difference between sterilization and disinfection
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sterilization kills organisms and spores.Disinfection only kills vegetative organisms, not spores
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why would a pack be unsterile
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wet after sterile, tape broken or loose, date missing, illegible, outer wrap torn, dropped on floor
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how long in cold sterile for
disinfection sterilization |
5-20 min
10 hrs- still not assured |
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what method of sterilization is used to sterilize fluids
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filtration
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what is ionizing radiation used for
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gloves, plastic tubing, suture material
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qualities of ideal wrap material
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selective permeability
resistance to damage flexibility memory- lay flat when opened |
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suture flexibility
most to least |
silk-braided polyesters- nylon and surgical gut-stainless steel
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how is absorbable suture removed from the body
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enzymatic degradation
phagocytosis hydrolysis |
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what suture can be autoclaved
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nylon and stainless steel
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what are the natural absorbable sutures
braided or mono |
gut-mono
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what are synthetic absorbable sutures, braided or mono
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Polyglycolic Acid (PGA) or Dexon- mono and braided
Polyglactin 910 (vicryl)-braided PDS-mono |
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what are natural non absorb sutures- mono or braided
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silk- braided or twisted
stainless steel-mono |
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what are synthetic non absorbables- braided or mono
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nylon-both
prolene-mono polyester-braided |
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is braided suture good for infected wounds
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no
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which has better knot security- braided or mono
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braided
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which is more reactive- synthetic multifilament or synthetic monofilament
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synthetic multi
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reactivity most to least
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gut- synthetic multi- synthetic mono- metallic
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where does somatic pain arise from
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skin,SQ, muscles, bones and joints
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what is a nocioceptor
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a naked afferent nerve ending sensitive to a noxious stimulus or one that would become noxious if prolonged
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opioid family drug that gives pain relief up to 12 hrs after IM inj
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buprenorphine
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most common side effect of NSAIDS
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ulcers
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lab changes assoc w/ pain/distress
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Inc WBC, lymph, glucose, PCV, cortisol and catecholamines
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what are physical changes in response to pain
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Inc HR, BP, pale mm. Inc CRT, panting, trembling
reluctance to urinate |
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drug or family that inhibits
transduction of pain transmission modulation perception |
transduction-local, NSAIDS, opioids
transmission-local, A2 agonists (domitor) modulation- epidural, opioids,cholinesterase inhibitors, A2agonists perception= anesthetics, opioids, A2 agonists, benzodiazapines |
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Non pharmaceutical methods for pain control
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nursing care, massage, cold or heat, physical therapy, accupuncture
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windup is
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build up of chemicical mediators during sx that the animal feels post op.
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multi-modal analgesia is
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balanced use of different methods, ie opioid and NSAID
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what 3 layers are closed in a 3 layer closure
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linea alba, subcutaneous, skin
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other name for castration
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orchiectomy
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another name for celiotomy
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laparatomy
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