Client Systems Block 2

Front 1

Alternating Current

Back 1

Current that continually changes in value and periodically reverse its direction.

Front 2

Wave Forms

Back 2

Graphical representation of how voltage and current changes in amplitude and direction over a period of time.

Front 3

Sine Wave

Back 3

The most common type of AC wave form.

Front 4

Cycle

Back 4

The complete representation of a sine wave throughout 360 degrees.

Front 5

Peak Voltage

Back 5

The absolute voltage value from the zero volt axis to the peak of either alternation (90 degrees for positive peak, 270 for negative peak).

Front 6

Peak-to-Peak Voltage

Back 6

This is the absolute voltage value from the negative peak to the positive peak.

Front 7

Root-mean-square Voltage

Back 7

The most common aspect of AC voltage.

-This value is calculated using the root-mean-square of a sine wave.

-This voltage value identifies an equivalent DC voltage.

Front 8

Three voltage aspects of AC

Back 8

Peak voltage, peak-to-peak voltage, and root-mean-square voltage.

Front 9

Frequency

Back 9

Frequency is defined as the number of 360-degree sine waves per second. Also known as simply cycles per second

Front 10

Frequency calculation

Back 10

F= 1/t

T=1/f

Front 11

Common Frequency ranges within 15 Hz to 10 Hz

Back 11

Audio: 15-20 Hz

Radio: 20kHz - 300kHz

Microwave: 1 GHz - 300 GHz

Optics: 300 GHz-10 to 17th GHZ

X-rays: 10 to 17th GHz - 10 to 23rd GHz

Front 12

Wavelength

Back 12

The physical length of one cycles or the distance the electromagnetic wave travels over the time of one cycle.

Electromagnetic wave travels at the constant velocity of 300 million meters per second.

Front 13

In-phase

Back 13

Three requirements that must exist for sine wave to be considered in-phase.

Same frequency

Reach their peaks

Pass through zero axis at the same time

Front 14

Out-of-Phase

Back 14

If any of the three requirements for the sine waves are not met, they are considered out-of-phase. This can cause problems in telecommunications.

Front 15

Matter

Back 15

All matter is made of interconnecting atoms. Atoms have a nucleus containing protons, neutrons and at least one orbiting electron.

Front 16

Coulombs Law of Charges

Back 16

It is the positive charge of the proton that keeps the electron from leaving the atom.

-Like charges repel

-Opposite charges attract

Front 17

Shells

Back 17

Electrons orbit the nucleus of an atom in what are referred to as shells.

Front 18

Valence Electrons

Back 18

The electrons in the outermost orbit.

-most easily removed because farthest from proton

-have weakest attraction

Front 19

Movement of electrons from atom to atom

Back 19

This is known as electron flow, current flow, or electric flow.

Front 20

Conductor

Back 20

Is a material whose atomic structure is such that the valence shell contains less than half the number of electrons for that particular shell.

-Conductors facilitate current flow.

Front 21

Insulator

Back 21

Is any material whose atomic structure is such that the valence shell has more than half the required electrons for that particular shell.

-Insulators inhibit current flow.

Front 22

Direct Current (DC)

Back 22

Current which flows in one direction.

Front 23

Symbol for current flow

Back 23

Symbol is I

-Current flow is measured in amperes.

Front 24

Frequency of standard American household

Back 24

Frequency of 60 Hz

Front 25

Three requirements for current flow

Back 25

Voltage source, conductor, and continuity

Front 26

Voltage

Back 26

Voltage is the electrical energy causing electrons to move from one atom to another. Voltage exists where there is a difference in potential or when one side of an electrical component is more positive than another.

Front 27

Resistance

Back 27

Opposition to current flow.

-Measured in Ohms.

-Symbol =R

Front 28

Resistor

Back 28

Designed to oppose current flow.

Front 29

Power

Back 29

The ability to do work over a given period of time.

-Also defined as the rate of work.

-Measures in watts.

-Symbol =P.

Front 30

Ohm's Law

Back 30

Applies to all electronics.

-The current is directly proportional to voltage (voltage increase, current increase)

-The current is inversely proportional to resistance (resistance increase, then current

decreases).

Front 31

Fixed resistor

Back 31

Permanently introduce a specific amount of resistance into an electronic circuit.

Front 32

Load device

Back 32

Anything that uses current to produce work such as a resistor, light bulb, or computer.

Front 33

I

Back 33

Current

I=E/R

Front 34

E

Back 34

Voltage

E=(I)(R)

Front 35

R

Back 35

Resistance

R=E/I

Front 36

P

Back 36

Power equals current multiplied by voltage.

P=(I)(E)

Front 37

Total Resistance

Back 37

Rt=R1+R2+R3

The sum of all resistor values in the series

circuit.

Front 38

Total Current

Back 38

It=Ir1=Ir2=Ir3

Total current is the same at each point in the series circuit. Ir1 refers to the current dropped by resistor #1.

Front 39

Ea=Er1+Er2+Er3

Back 39

Kirchhoff's Voltage law which paraphrased means the applied voltage equals the sum of all voltage drops in a series circuit. Er1 refers to the voltage measured across resistor #1.

Front 40

Four basic properties of series circuits.

Back 40

(EIRP)

E-Voltage

I-Current

R-Resistance

P-Power

Front 41

Series circuit

Back 41

CurrenIn a series circuit current is common and voltage is divided.

Front 42

Parallel DC Circuit Calculations

Back 42

Current is not common in parallel.

Voltage is common in parallel.

Front 43

Parallel DC Circuit calculations

Back 43

1. Total resistance equal the reciprocal of the sum of 1 divided by each resistor value in the circuit.

2. Kirchhoff's Current Law provides the formula for current, which shows total current (It) equals the sum of all branch currents in all circuits.

3. Voltages in the circuit are always equal to and directly proportional to the applied voltage.

Front 44

Series-Parallel DC Circuit Calculations

Back 44

Is simply a group of parallel resistors connecting in a series with other resistors.

Front 45

Series-Parallel DC Circuit Calculations

Back 45

Step 1. Findthe RE (equivalent resistance) of the parallel branches then draw anequivalent series circuit. In Figure 1-24, R2 and R3 arethe parallel branches. By using the formula for solving parallel circuits, wecan get an RE of 6 kΩ.

Front 46

Series-Parallel DC Circuit Calculations

Back 46

Step 2. Add REto the series resistance (R1) to get Rt [MJG1] = R1 + RE = 2 kW + 6kW= 8 kW

Step 3.Calculate It using Ohm’s Law: I = E/R = It = = 3 mA

Step 4. Calculatethe voltage drop across the series resistor and equivalent resistor RE: ER1 = It ´ R1= 3 mA ´2 kW= 6V ERE = It ´ RE= 3 mA ´6 kW= 18V The sum of the two voltage drops equals the appliedvoltage (Kirchhoff's voltage law): Ea = ER1 +ERE = 6V + 18V = 24V

Step 5. Calculatebranch current using ERE for the parallel branches: and IR2 = = 1 mA IR3 = = 2 mA Total current equals the sum of the branch currents(Kirchhoff’s current law): It = IR2 + IR3 = 1 mA+ 2 mA = 3 mA

Step 6. Calculate power dissipation PR1 =IT ´ER1, PR2 = IR2 ´ ER2, and PR3= IR3 ´ ER3. Total power dissipated equals the sumof the power dissipated by each resistor. Pt = It´Ea = 3 mA ´ 24V = 72 mW [MJG1]Aversion #6

Front 47

Series-Parallel Circuit troubleshooting

Back 47

Shorted resistor: All current will be diverted through the short and all current with flow through R3.

Open resistor: If any parallel resistor opens, the branch will not have continuity.

Front 48

Electrostatic Discharge

Back 48

Is the transfer of charge between bodies at different electrical potentials. Electrostatic discharge can charge the electrical characteristics of a semiconductor device, degrading or detroying it. Electrostatic discharge may also upset the normal operation of an electronic system, causing equipment malfunction or failure.

Front 49

Static Electricity

Back 49

An electrical charge caused by an imbalance of electrons on the surface of a material.

-This imbalance of electrons produces an electric field that can be measured and can nifluence other objects at a distance by transferring energy.

-Electrostatic can be costly and dangerous in the technological age.

Front 50

Cost of ESD (Electro static discharge)

Back 50

Cost money, loss of production time, repair, rework, shipping, labor, and overhead.

-Charged surfaces can attract and hold

contaminants.

Front 51

How to reduce ESD

Back 51

1. Handle all ESDS items at an approved static control station.

2. Transport and store all ESDS items in static shielding and non-charge generating packages or containers.

Front 52

Motherboard

Back 52

The main circuit board is a desktop computer and provides all the interconnections for all necessary parts and associated protocols.

Front 53

ATX

Back 53

The form factor replacement for the older AT and baby AT form factors. Created in 1995, rotated orientation of motherboard by 90 degrees.

Front 54

Micro ATX

Back 54

Smaller variant of ATX, compatible with most ATX cases, however has fewer expansion slots.

Front 55

BTX

Back 55

Has single thermal module both cooling the processor and creating stream of air to cool other components. Designed for optimal air flow through case.

Front 56

Central Processing Unit

Back 56

The main component in a computer that interprets computer program instructions and processes data.

-Made up of arithmetic logic unit, control unit, and registers.

Front 57

Pin Grid Array vs. Land Grid Array

Back 57

Mishandling or misalignment can bend pins, while land grid contact pins avoid this issue.

Front 58

Arithmetic Logic Unit

Back 58

Is a digital circuit that calculates an arithmetic operation and logic operations between two numbers.

Front 59

Control Unit

Back 59

Part of the CPU that directs its operation.

Front 60

Registers

Back 60

A small amount of very fast computing memory used to speed the execution of computer programs by providing quick access to commonly used values.

Front 61

CPU Heatsinks

Back 61

Keeps CPU from getting too hot, a term for a component or assembly that transfers and dissipates heat generated within a solid material.

Front 62

System clock

Back 62

Provides the timing source/reference for all devices to work, typically a quartz crystal that oscillates at a fixed frequency.

Front 63

Types of Buses

Back 63

Serial Bus: one single path for data signal flow

Parallel Bus: Multiple paths for data signals.

Front 64

Bus Functions

Back 64

Address Bus

Data Bus

Control Bus

Front 65

Address Bus

Back 65

An address is defined as a label, symbol, or other set of characterised used to designate a location or register where information is stored.

Front 66

Voltage is common in

Back 66

A parallel series

Front 67

Shorts in series circuit

Back 67

no resistance, max current

Front 68

Open in series circuit

Back 68

no current, no connectivity

Front 69

Form Factor

Back 69

The size and shape of the motherboard

Front 70

Types of CPUS

Back 70

PGA and CGA

Front 71

Static ram is

Back 71

More expensive because is is smaller and has more memory per chip

Front 72

Volatile

Back 72

All memory erases after computer turns off

Front 73

Non-volatile

Back 73

Memory stays after PC turns off

Front 74

Device Drivers

Back 74

Software component of hardware devices, can be updated or rolled back to previous versions.

Front 75

Sound card

Back 75

Goes into any PCI or open expansion slot.

Front 76

NIC

Back 76

Operates at layer one, the physical layer, providing physical access to networking medium

And layer 2, the data layer providing low-level addressing system through the MAC address.

Front 77

Laser printing 7 steps

Back 77

Processing

Conditioning

Exposing

Developing

Transferring

Fusing

Cleaning

(purple cows eat dirty trailmix from cars)

Front 78

Parts of the Platter

Back 78

Magnetic platter, read-write heads, arm, and motor.

Front 79

Data Storage/Retrieval

Back 79

Retrieved from tracks and sectors.

Front 80

Interrupt requests

Back 80

Signals that cause the hardware to transfer

program control to the CPU.

Front 81

Data Storage/Retrieval

Back 81

Data is stored on each platter in a series of known, standard locations called tracks, sectors and clusters.

Front 82

Flash Drive

Back 82

Works the same as EPROM

Front 83

Power Supply

Back 83

A power supply (PSU)converts 110/120 or 220/240 V AC current to usable, low voltage DC power

Front 84

Color Coding

Back 84

Black is ground

Orange 3.3

Red 5

Yellow 12

Front 85

Power Supplied: P1

Back 85

P1 powers motherboard has 20-24 connectors

4 pin molex power older hard drives

15 pin SATA power new SATA hard drives and other devices

Front 86

About ATX

Back 86

PSUs have form factors that correspond to ATX motherboard

Front 87

Conductors/Facilitators

Back 87

Conductors facilitate current flow

Insulators inhibit current flow

Front 88

Series Circuit

Back 88

Current is common, voltage is divided.

Front 89

Sanitizing

Back 89

Removes classified information

Front 90

When is sanitizing complete?

Back 90

6 passes

Front 91

UPS Conversion

Back 91

Converts AC to DC then to AC

Front 92

AFI 32-1062

Back 92

Provides operating, maintaining, and accounting for all electrical power.

Front 93

Trouble Shooting Process

Back 93

I E T E V D

I eat truffles every valentines day