Clep Biology From The Book

Front 1

What is Chemistry?

Back 1

Chemistry is the Study of Matter

Front 2

What are Elements?

Back 2

Elements are the basic substances that make up matter.

Front 3

What is an Atom?

Back 3

An Atom is the simplest unit of an element that retains the element's characteristics.

Front 4

In chemistry, what is a Nucleus?

Back 4

A Nucleus is the positively charged central core of an atom, consisting of protons and neutrons and containing nearly all its mass

Front 5

What is an Atomic Number?

Back 5

An Atomic Number is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom of that element.

Front 6

What is an Energy Level?

Back 6

An Energy Level is the amount of electrons in an electron shell in a particular element.

Front 7

What is the Valence Level?

Back 7

The Valence Level is the outermost occupied energy level of an element

Front 8

What is a Covalent Bond?

Back 8

A Covalent Bond is when atoms share electrons, resulting in a molecule such as in H2O

Front 9

What is a Molecule?

Back 9

A Molecule is two or more atoms held together by covalently shared electrons

Front 10

What is a Compound?

Back 10

A Compound is a molecule formed by to more more //different// atoms bound together chemically to form a unique substance

Front 11

What is an Ion?

Back 11

An Ion is an electrically charged atom or molecule

Front 12

What is an Ionic Bond?

Back 12

An Ionic Bond is a combination of oppositely charged Ions to form a molecule; Ionic Bonds are weaker than Covalent Bonds

Front 13

What are Polar Molecules?

Back 13

Polar Molecules are molecules that have regions of partial charge

Front 14

What is a Hydrogen Bond?

Back 14

A Hydrogen Bond is the force of attraction between water molecules (partially positive hydrogen are attracted to partially negative oxygen)

Front 15

What is a Chemical Reaction?

Back 15

A Chemical Reaction is what occurs when molecules interact with each other to form one or more molecules of another type.

Front 16

What is an Endothermic Reaction?

Back 16

An Endothermic Reaction is a reaction that requires energy input

Front 17

What is an Exothermic Reaction?

Back 17

An Exothermic Reaction is a reaction that releases energy

Front 18

What is Free Energy?

Back 18

Free Energy is the energy available to perform the work of a reaction

Front 19

What does it mean to say that water has a high specific heat?

Back 19

It resists changes in temperature

Front 20

What gives water a high surface tension?

Back 20

Hydrogen Bonds

Front 21

What is the difference between acids and bases?

Back 21

Acids donate protons when dissolved in water, and Bases accept protons or donate hydronium ions (H3O+) when dissolved in water

Front 22

What does a pH scale measure?

Back 22

A pH scale measures the concentration of H+ ions in a solution. Anything below a pH of 7 is acidic and anything above a pH of 7 is basic.

Front 23

What is a Buffer?

Back 23

A Buffer is an aqueous combination of a weak acid and its conjugate base, or a weak base and its conjugate acid. A Buffer solution resists a change in pH when new H+ or OH- ions are added.

Front 24

What is an Organic Compound?

Back 24

Organic Compounds are defined as those that contain carbon

Front 25

What is a Polymer?

Back 25

A Polymer is a chemical compound that is made of small molecules that are arranged in a simple repeating structure to form a larger molecule

Front 26

What is a Monomer?

Back 26

A Monomer is chemical compound that can undergo polymerization

Front 27

What is a Carbohydrate?

Back 27

A Carbohydrate is any one of various substances found in certain foods (such as bread, rice, and potatoes) that provide your body with heat and energy and are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Front 28

What is a Monosaccharide?

Back 28

A Monosaccharide is a sugar that is not decomposable into simpler sugars by hydrolysis, is classed as either an aldose or ketose, and contains one or more hydroxyl groups per molecule —called also simple sugar

Front 29

What is a Disaccharide?

Back 29

A Disaccharide is any of a class of sugars (as sucrose) that yields on hydrolysis two monosaccharide molecules

Front 30

What is an Isomer?

Back 30

An Isomer is one of two or more compounds, radicals, or ions that contain the same number of atoms of the same elements but differ in structural arrangement and properties

Front 31

What is a Polysaccharide?

Back 31

A Polysaccharide is a carbohydrate that can be decomposed by hydrolysis into two or more molecules of monosaccharides; especially : one (as cellulose, starch, or glycogen) containing many monosaccharide units and marked by complexity

Front 32

What is Cellulose?

Back 32

Cellulose is a substance that is a long chain of water-insoluble polysaccharides and is the main part of the cell walls of plants and that is used in making various products (such as paper)

Front 33

What is Glycogen?

Back 33

Glycogen is a white amorphous tasteless polysaccharide (C6H10O5)x that is the principal form in which glucose is stored in animal tissues and especially muscle and liver tissue

Front 34

What is a Lipid?

Back 34

A Lipid is any of various substances that are soluble in nonpolar organic solvents (as chloroform and ether), that are usually insoluble in water, that with proteins and carbohydrates constitute the principal structural components of living cells, and that include fats, waxes, phosphatides, cerebrosides, and related and derived compounds

Front 35

What is a Fat?

Back 35

Fats are highly efficient lipid molecules used for long-term energy storage.

Front 36

What is a Protein?

Back 36

Proteins are large un-branched polymers made up of amino acid monomers

Front 37

What is an Amino Acids?

Back 37

Amino Acids are cyclical molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur and phosphorous.

Front 38

What is an Enzyme?

Back 38

Enzymes are a special proteins that act as catalysts for reactions

Front 39

What does DNA stand for?

Back 39

deoxyribonucleic acid

Front 40

What does RNA stand for?

Back 40

ribonucleic acid

Front 41

What is a Nucleotide?

Back 41

A Nucleotide is any of several compounds that consist of a ribose or deoxyribose sugar joined to a purine or pyrimidine base and to a phosphate group and that are the basic structural units of nucleic acids (as RNA and DNA)

Front 42

What is a Nitrogenous Base?

Back 42

A Nitrogenous Base is a nitrogen-containing molecule with basic properties

Front 43

What are the Nitrogenous Bases for DNA?

Back 43

They are Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine

Front 44

What are the Nitrogenous Bases for RNA?

Back 44

They are Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, and Guanine

Front 45

What are the three tenets of Cell Theory?

Back 45

1. All living things are made up of one or more cells.

2. Cells are the basic unites of life.

3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.

Front 46

What is an Electron Microscope?

Back 46

An Electron Microscope is a very powerful microscope that uses a beam of electrons to produce a large image of a very small object

Front 47

What is a Prokaryote?

Back 47

A Prokaryote a microscopic single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles. Prokaryotes include bacteria and cyanobacteria

Front 48

What is a Eukaryote?

Back 48

A Eukaryote is an organism consisting of a cell or cells in which the genetic material is DNA in the form of chromosomes contained within a distinct nucleus

Front 49

What is a Plasma Membrane?

Back 49

A Plasma Membrane is a semipermeable limiting layer of cell protoplasm —called also cell membrane

Front 50

In biology, what is a Nucleus?

Back 50

The Nucleus is the central part of most cells that contains genetic material and is enclosed in a membrane

Front 51

What is Cytoplasm?

Back 51

Cytoplasm is the organized complex of inorganic and organic substances external to the nuclear membrane of a cell and including the cytosol and membrane-bound organelles (as mitochondria or chloroplasts)

Front 52

What is Cytosol?

Back 52

Cytosol is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm exclusive of organelles and membranes —called also ground substance

Front 53

What are Cytoplasmic Organelles?

Back 53

Cytoplasmic Organelles are Organelles in the Cytoplasm.

Front 54

What are Organelles?

Back 54

An Organelle is a specialized cellular part (as a mitochondrion, lysosome, or ribosome) that is analogous to an organ

Front 55

What is a Virus?

Back 55

A Virus is an extremely small living thing that causes a disease and that spreads from one person or animal to another

Front 56

What is a Phospholipid Bilayer?

Back 56

A Phospholipid Bilayer is a two-layered arrangement of phospholipid molecules that form a cell membrane, with the hydrophobic lipid ends facing inward and the hydrophilic phosphate ends facing outward. Also called a lipid bilayer.

Front 57

What is Selective Permeability?

Back 57

Selective Permeability is the property of a cell membrane to allow certain molecules or ions to pass through it by means of active or passive transport.

Front 58

What is Active Transport?

Back 58

Active Transport is the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy

Front 59

What is Passive Transport?

Back 59

Passive transport is free movement of biochemicals and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes

Front 60

What is Diffusion?

Back 60

Diffusion is the movement of atoms or molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Atoms and small molecules can move across a cell membrane by diffusion.

Front 61

What is Osmosis?

Back 61

Osmosis is a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one, thus equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane.

Front 62

What is Facilitated Diffusion?

Back 62

Facilitated Diffusion allows for the transfer of substances across the cell membrane with the help of specialized proteins. These proteins, which are embedded in the cell membrane, provide channels for specific molecules or ions and transport them through the membrane.

Front 63

What is Endocytosis?

Back 63

Endocytosis is incorporation of substances into a cell by phagocytosis or pinocytosis

Front 64

What is Exocytosis?

Back 64

Exocytosis is the release of cellular substances contained in cell vesicles by fusion of the vesicular membrane with the plasma membrane and subsequent release of the contents to the exterior of the cell

Front 65

What is a Cell Membrane?

Back 65

Cell Membrane is the Membrane of a Cell

Front 66

What is an Endocytic Vesicle?

Back 66

An Endocytic Vesicle is a membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle formed by invagination of the plasma membrane around an extracellular substance.

Front 67

What are Microvilli?

Back 67

A Microvillus is a microscopic projection of a tissue, cell, or cell organelle; especially : any of the fingerlike outward projections of some cell surfaces

Front 68

What is Cytoskeleton?

Back 68

Cytoskeleton is the network of protein filaments and microtubules in the cytoplasm that controls cell shape, maintains intracellular organization, and is involved in cell movement. The three main parts of the Cytoskeleton are the Microtubules, Microfilaments, and Centrioles.

Front 69

What are Microtubules?

Back 69

Microtubules are long, hollow, cylindrical protein tubules, which give structure to the cell.

Front 70

What are Microfilaments?

Back 70

Microfilaments are double-stranded chains of proteins that serve to give structure to the cell

Front 71

What are Centrioles?

Back 71

A Centriole is one of a pair of cellular organelles that occur especially in animals, are adjacent to the nucleus, function in the formation of the spindle apparatus during cell division, and consist of a cylinder with nine microtubules arranged peripherally in a circle

Front 72

What are Ribosomes?

Back 72

Ribosomes are any of the RNA-rich cytoplasmic granules that are sites of protein synthesis

Front 73

What's the difference between free ribosomes and attached ribosomes?

Back 73

Free ribosomes are free floating in the cytoplasm, and attached ribosomes are attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Front 74

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Back 74

Endoplasmic Reticulum is responsible for processing lipids, fats, and steroids, which are then packaged and dispersed by the Golgi apparatus

Front 75

What is Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Back 75

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum is endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes, which makes the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum instrumental to protein synthesis.

Front 76

What is Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Back 76

The Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum does not have attached ribosomes.

Front 77

What is the Golgi Apparatus?

Back 77

The Golgi Apparatus is instrumental in the storing, packaging, and shipping of proteins. It looks much like a stack of hollow pancakes.

Front 78

What are Secretory Vesicles?

Back 78

Secretory Vesicles are the cells shipping containers sent by the Golgi apparatis or the Endoplasmic Reticulum. Their shipments can exit the cell through exocytosis.

Front 79

What are Lysosomes?

Back 79

Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles containing digestive enzymes, which breakdown unused material within the cell.

Front 80

What are Mitochondria?

Back 80

Mitochondria are centers for cellular respiration

Front 81

What are Cell Walls?

Back 81

Cell Walls materials that surround plant cells and are strongly made of cellulose and lignin.

Front 82

What are Chloroplasts?

Back 82

Chloroplasts are found in plant cells and are the site of photosynthesis in plant cells.

Front 83

What is the Central Vacuole?

Back 83

The Central Vacuole takes of much of the volume of plant cells. It is a membrane-bound fluid filled space which stores water and nutrients

Front 84

What is an Enzyme?

Back 84

Enzymes are a special proteins that act as catalysts for reactions

Front 85

What is an Active Site?

Back 85

An Active Site is an enzyme's uniquely shaped area for a particular substrate

Front 86

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Back 86

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