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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Do endothermic reactions require or release energy? |
Require |
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What determines the pH scale? |
Concentration of H+ ions in a solution. Basic=high conc Acidic=low conc |
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What element is in all organic compounds? |
Carbon |
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What is the type of bond that connects atoms to make molecules? |
Covalent |
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What is a monosaccharide? |
The sugar unit in carbs, ex glucose |
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Lipid |
Organic compound, hydrophobic, energy storage, waxy barriers ex fats |
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Polysaccharide |
Carbohydrate consisting of sugar molecules bonded together, plant starch, energy storage, ex cellulose |
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Proteins |
Amino acid polymers, multifunctional, enzymes |
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What element are amino acids largely composed of? |
Nitrogen |
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Enzymes |
Proteins that catalyze reactions by reducing the activation energy. The active site bonds to the substrate |
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Peptide |
Short chain of amino acids linked by peptide bond, make proteins, ex hormones |
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What makes up the strands of DNA and what are their pairs? |
ACGT C-G A-T |
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What makes up strands of RNA and what are their pairs? |
ACGU C-G A-U |
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Prokaryotic cell |
No nucleus or membrane-bound structures, single chromosome DNA, unicellular, ex bacteria |
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Eukaryotic cell |
Membrane-bound intracellular organelles, organized chromosomes (in nucleus), cell membrane, ex plant, fungi, animals |
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Cell membrane |
Controls movement in and out of cell, phospholipid bilayer, specialized proteins, used ATP for active transport |
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Cytoskeleton |
Structural cell support, cytosol=aqueous fluid in cell, cytoplasm=cell component |
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Ribosome |
Protein synthesis in cell, DNA-mRNA-tRNA-polypeptide |
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Endoplasmic reticulum |
Delivers lipids and proteins in cell |
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Golgi apparatus |
Storing, packaging, shipping proteins |
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Lysosome |
Break down unused material using digestive enzymes |
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Mitochondria |
Cellular respiration, breaks covalent bonds in sugars (glycolysis), intakes oxygen, releases ATP, has its own DNA RNA ribosomes, anaerobic, produces CO2, uses electron receptors |
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Virus |
Protein capsule, DNA, uses host cell mechanisms, viral coat protein |
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Steroids |
Lower the production of chemicals that cause inflammation |
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Nucleus |
Chromosomes, rRNA synthesized |
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Chromosomes |
Long chains of nucleosides, DNA strand |
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What do plant cells have the animals do not? |
Cell wall, chloroplast, central vacuole |
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Cell wall |
Cellulose and lignin, rigid to store water, cell membrane has channels for passage through the wall |
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Chloroplast |
Photosynthesis, solar energy-chemical energy-covalent bonds |
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Central vacuole |
Membrane bound fluid sac, store water and soluble nutrients, keep rigid shape by absorbing more water |
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Enzyme-substrate complex |
When an enzyme fits with a substrate, makes reactions happen |
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Cofactor |
Non-protein substance required for enzymatic reactions |
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Restriction enzyme |
Prevents reactions from happening by cleaving to DNA at sequence-specific sites |
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Enzyme inhibitor |
Attaches to an enzyme to prevent a reaction happening |
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Krebs cycle |
Chemical reaction that releases stored energy through oxidation (losing electrons) of carbs, fats, proteins. Catalyzed by enzymes, happens in mitochondria |
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Oxidation vs reduction |
Oxidation=losing electrons reduction=gaining electrons |
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ATP and AMP |
ATP=compound that stores energy for use in chemical processes AMP=component of ATP, RNA |
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How does energy transform through the food chain? |
Primary producers (photosynthesizers) are eaten by consumers who utilize the chemical energy stored, energy is lost as heat |
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Cellular metabolism and catabolism |
Energy transformation, catabolic reaction=molecules are breaking down, releasing energy |
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Photosynthesis |
Plant reaction, carbon dioxide and water and light create glucose and oxygen. In chlorophyll, green pigment helps absorb light energy through photons |
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Photolysis |
Light reaction that decomposes molecules. Chlorophyll absorbs a photon, increases the energy and excites electrons, then gas is released, hydrogen ion saved |
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Calvin cycle |
CO2 fixation, transforms energy from CO2 to starch/sugars for storage, light independent |
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Glycolysis |
First step of cellular respiration. Breaking down covalent bonds in glucose to yield ATP, anaerobic. In mitochondria. |
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Aerobic vs anaerobic cellular respiration |
Aerobic=glycolysis-krebs cycle-electron transport chain Anaerobic=glycolysis-fermentation |
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Gene |
DNA length that encodes a protein, which codes for a function, which is expressed as a trait |
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DNA replication |
Aided by helicase, uses existing strand of DNA as a template |
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Protein synthesis |
In ribosome, transcription=RNA forms from a gene in the nucleus, becomes mRNA, then translation=nucleotide makes amino acids, becomes tRNA. Waste is nitrogen |
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Structural vs regulatory gene |
Structural=organs and structure Regulatory=functional and physiological |
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DNA replication changes |
Transduction=transfers genetic material from bacterial cell to another cell Transformation=bacteria absorbs and incorporates new DNA |
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Cell divison |
Reproduction, mitosis of DNA |
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Alleles |
Different forms of genes |