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36 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Taxonomy

the science of classifying organisms, shows degree of similarity among organisms

Systematics or phylogeny

the study of the evolutionary history of organisms

3 Domains

Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea

Who created the 3 domains?

Woese 1978, based on sequences of nucleotides in rRNA

Name 3 Eukarya

Animals, plants, fungi

Name 3 Archaea

Methanogens, extreme halophiles, hyperthermophiles

Scientific Nomenclature

Common names vary with languages and geography

Binomial nomenclature

used worldwide to consistently and accurately name organisms (genus/species)

Taxonomic Hierarchy

A series of subdivisions developed by Linnaeus to classify plants and animals

Eukaryotic species

a group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves

Keep Pond Clean Or Froggy Gets Sick

DOMAIN, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Prokaryotic species

population of cells with similar characteristics

Culture

bacteria grown in laboratory media

Clone

population of cells derived from a single parent cell

Strain

genetically different cells within a clone

Protista

A catchall kingdom for a variety of unicellular eukaryotes

Fungi

chemoheterotrophic; unicellular or multicellular; cell walls of chitin; develop from spores or hyphal fragments

Plantae

multicellular; cellulose cell walls; undergo photosynthesis

Animalia

multicellular; no cell walls; chemoheterotrophic

Classification

placing organisms in groups of related species, lists of characteristics of known organisms

Identification

matching characteristics of an "unknown" organism to lists of known organisms, clinical lab identification

Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology

provides identification schemes for identifying bacteria and archaea

Morphological characteristics

useful for identifying eukaryotes; tell little about phylogenetic relationships of microorganisms

Differential staining

gram staining, acid-fast staining

Biochemical tests

determine presence of bacterial enzymes

Rapid Identification Methods

perform several biochemical tests simultaneously, results of each test are assigned a number

Serology

The science that studies serum and immune responses in serum

What does it mean when we say microorganisms are antigenic?

they stimulate the body to form antibodies in the serum

Antiserum

a solution of antibodies is tested against an unknown bacterium

Slide Agglutination Test

bacteria agglutinate when mixed with antibodies produced in response to the bacteria

Serological testing

can differentiate between species and strains within species

Snap Tests

often used clinically, commercially produced

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

known antibodies and an unknown type of bacterium are added to a well; a reaction identifies the bacteria

Western Blotting

Identifies antibodies in a patient's serum; confirms HIV infection

DNA fingerprint

Electrophoresis of restriction enzyme digests an organism's DNA, comparing fragments from different organisms provides information on genetic similarities and differences

Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAATs)

Use of PCR to amplify DNA of an unknown microorganism that cannot be cultured