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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Taxonomy
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the science of classifying organisms, shows degree of similarity among organisms |
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Systematics or phylogeny |
the study of the evolutionary history of organisms |
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3 Domains |
Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea |
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Who created the 3 domains? |
Woese 1978, based on sequences of nucleotides in rRNA |
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Name 3 Eukarya |
Animals, plants, fungi |
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Name 3 Archaea |
Methanogens, extreme halophiles, hyperthermophiles |
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Scientific Nomenclature |
Common names vary with languages and geography |
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Binomial nomenclature |
used worldwide to consistently and accurately name organisms (genus/species) |
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Taxonomic Hierarchy |
A series of subdivisions developed by Linnaeus to classify plants and animals |
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Eukaryotic species |
a group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves |
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Keep Pond Clean Or Froggy Gets Sick |
DOMAIN, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
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Prokaryotic species |
population of cells with similar characteristics |
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Culture |
bacteria grown in laboratory media |
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Clone |
population of cells derived from a single parent cell |
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Strain |
genetically different cells within a clone |
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Protista |
A catchall kingdom for a variety of unicellular eukaryotes |
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Fungi |
chemoheterotrophic; unicellular or multicellular; cell walls of chitin; develop from spores or hyphal fragments |
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Plantae |
multicellular; cellulose cell walls; undergo photosynthesis |
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Animalia |
multicellular; no cell walls; chemoheterotrophic |
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Classification |
placing organisms in groups of related species, lists of characteristics of known organisms |
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Identification |
matching characteristics of an "unknown" organism to lists of known organisms, clinical lab identification |
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Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology |
provides identification schemes for identifying bacteria and archaea |
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Morphological characteristics |
useful for identifying eukaryotes; tell little about phylogenetic relationships of microorganisms |
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Differential staining |
gram staining, acid-fast staining |
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Biochemical tests |
determine presence of bacterial enzymes |
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Rapid Identification Methods |
perform several biochemical tests simultaneously, results of each test are assigned a number |
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Serology |
The science that studies serum and immune responses in serum |
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What does it mean when we say microorganisms are antigenic? |
they stimulate the body to form antibodies in the serum |
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Antiserum |
a solution of antibodies is tested against an unknown bacterium |
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Slide Agglutination Test |
bacteria agglutinate when mixed with antibodies produced in response to the bacteria |
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Serological testing |
can differentiate between species and strains within species |
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Snap Tests |
often used clinically, commercially produced |
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Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) |
known antibodies and an unknown type of bacterium are added to a well; a reaction identifies the bacteria |
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Western Blotting |
Identifies antibodies in a patient's serum; confirms HIV infection |
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DNA fingerprint |
Electrophoresis of restriction enzyme digests an organism's DNA, comparing fragments from different organisms provides information on genetic similarities and differences |
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Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAATs) |
Use of PCR to amplify DNA of an unknown microorganism that cannot be cultured |