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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Leisure |
historical construction not historical constant |
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licentia |
lower class leisure (freedom) - needs to be controlled
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licentious |
pursuing desires (mostly sexual) |
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otium |
upper class leisure - reward for challenging work |
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what separated upper and lower class leisure? |
lower class -morally corrupt and uneducated (drinking and gambling) upper class - intellectually stimulating |
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moxii |
harmful leisure activities |
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levitas |
lighthearted, lack of seriousness |
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gravitas |
sternness and seriousness |
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temperantia |
self control - fundamentally lacking in lower class |
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what differs amphitheatre and regular theatre |
full circle half circle |
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Arnena |
sand;good for soaking blood up |
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when was the coliseum built? |
first century |
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forum |
downtown |
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circus |
race chariots |
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semi permanent theatres |
51 BCE swivelling ampitheatres - open fully |
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first permanent amphitheater was built when? |
29 BCE - Gaius Statilus Taurus burnt down in 64 CE |
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Why is it called the coliseum |
colossal statue of Neros Flavian |
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who was Vespasian and Titus? |
Vespasian - first emperor built foundation of colliseum Titus - finished it |
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Domitian |
added gilded bronze shields to the coliseum |
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Explain the timeline of coliseum catastrophes and repairs |
Lightning - 217 CE Repairs until - 238 CE another fire - 250 CE last gladiatorial games - 404 CE |
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Coliseum appearance |
made of concrete, marble and limestone blocks for strength all decorations gone now 4 stories 80000 marble seats
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Outside Coliseum |
ground story - 80 engraved 3 ceremonial entrances second story - ionic columns, parapet (low walls) across base of each arch third story - engaged corinthian columns fourth story - solid wall, lil pillars, three corbels above windows |
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name the columns types |
Doric (plain) Ionic (lined pattern thin) Corinthian (lined pattern thick'd) |
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why is the marble on the coliseum black now? |
acid rain and car exhaust |
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Dimensions of the coliseum |
height 48.5 168 long axis 156 short axis
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Entrances |
4 ceremonial - 2 on each axis 2 on short axis : for imperial family 2 on long axis : connects to the gladiatorial school performers and corpses |
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Seating |
horizontal rows and vertical wedges |
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cavea |
seating are for ppl divided by the walls into 5 annular sections |
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Maenianum Cunei |
row wedges |
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balteus |
what separated senator seats from maenianum primum |
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primum immum summum ligneis |
biz class well ppl poor ppl poor women and slaves |
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vomitoria |
stairs leading up from the entrances
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Coliseum Arena |
floored with wood and sand over wood network of rooms underneath
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carceres |
circle of rooms running behind the podium and opening to the arena coliseum has both hypogea and carceres |
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when were the game held? why? |
at ludi few times a year 4 - 5 days length honour of emperor or conquest honour of dead relation |
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amphiteathrical programme esplain it |
morning - venations and pyrrichae noon - executions afternoon - gladiatorial combats |
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Pyrrichae |
shows and tricks involving animals began in late 3rd century |
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Venations |
wild beast hunts 186 BCE animals killed by humans and other animals |
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Bestiarii |
armed with swords spears helmets and shields |
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Roman Mosaics |
found on the floors |
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Noxii |
executions |
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Death ad bestias Death ad flammas |
death by beasts death by flames |
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People who were punished/executed basically |
all of lower class religious groups (christians) upper class is exiled |
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christians |
crucified (sometimes upside down) used as bait |
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earliest artistic deception of an arena is ... |
Campanian 370 - 340 BCE |
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lanista |
person who's owns slaves and runs gladiatorial school |
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4 schools |
ludus, magnis, gallicus dascisus, matutins |
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Things before combat |
1st - meat and wine sacrifice to god 2nd - pompa -> walk in music WWE entrance 3rd - warm up no blood shed 4th - munera - the fight |
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how did a match end? |
1. ref stop the match - no clear winner 2. gladiator got dead 3. one signals defeat with 2 fingers - audience chooses life or death |
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prizes |
palm branch or laurel wreath |
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habet |
"he has it" death blow |
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The Rudis |
wooden sword - gladiator could retirded |
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missio |
ref calls it |
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killings |
most death outside arena in 1st century more killings in 3rd century in the arena almost half |
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Gladiator armour |
diaper - belt thing wrapping around legs (manicae) greaves (leg armour) chests bare helmets - identify type of gladiator retiarius no helmet |
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Equites |
fights on horses horseman vs horseman no greaves, manicae helmet with white feathers 1st to fight round shield, spear |
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Murmillo |
opponents: thraex, hoplomachus short greaves tall shield, gladius fish on helmet |
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Thraex |
opponents: hoplomachus, murmillo leg wrappings, 2 high greaves, small square shield, short curved sword gryffindor |
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Hoplomachus |
leg wrappings, 2 high grieves, small round shield, gladius |
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Retiarius |
opponents: sector net fighter, no helmet, no greaves, no shield, maica with metal guard, trident, gladius, net
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Sector |
Opponents: retiarius same as murmillo, closed off helmet |
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Legal status of gladiators |
Low, very furthest margin of social world |
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Infamia |
offensive term held no political power what so ever |
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Virtus |
gladiators could become popular and make a lot of doe |
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Spartacus Rebellion |
73 - 71 BCE |
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Faustina |
she married to an emperor, had affair with gladiator, they conceived a child |
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Gladuis |
latin slang for penis |
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Aediles |
in charge of cities like mayor everything was enhanced when putting on games: personal benefit and social status proclamation |
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Domitian declaration |
96 CE - no more private games, only for emperor |
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Emperors who fought as gladiators |
Caracalla, Caligula, Commodus all bad emperors |
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gladiatorial movies |
stress the ostentation of Rome and its violence more what we think it was like than actual historical accuracy |
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Spartacus (movie) |
book: howard fast 1954 director: stanley kubrick
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Howard Fast |
put in jail for being basically communist |
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Gladiator (movie) |
2000 made ancient films new again: triggered start of many new movies about gladiators and ancient combat |
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Inaccuracies in movies |
fighting to the death killing in the arena no technique fighting chained together no refs unstandardized weapons improper attire |
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Pagan objections |
okay to kill aminals and criminals no opposition to the game on humanitarian grounds no objections realistically pussy if can't watch executions |
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Marcus Aurelius |
emperor (pagan) - hated blood sports but put em on anyways |
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Why did wisemen oppose killing/games |
made audience less rationale mob mentality non intellectual
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Jewish Objections |
against the games for moral and customs reasons |
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christian objections |
same as pagan no humanitarian grounds games affect the on-looker |
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St. Augustine |
pyschological emotional damage intellectual not humanitarian |
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Prudentius |
completely against games due to sexual nature animals is fine |
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Rome under christian rule |
culture didn't change |
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Last gladiatorial combat |
430 - 440 CE (100yrs after Christians ruled Rome) |
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Early Chariot |
used for battles cart was very heavy spoked wheels make it lighter n more maneuverable |
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Currus |
Chariot |
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Quadriga |
4 yokes 4 horses |
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Draft pole |
allows for yoking of horses no pressure on the neck : for turning |
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Biga |
2 horse chariot |
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Circus |
track: like hippodrome |
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traces |
leather straps connecting outer horse to chariot |
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triumph |
ceremonial precession for victors on quadriga |
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Naufragium |
chariot crashes, means shipwrecks |
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Falx |
curved knife used for reigns |
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fascia |
padded hands worn by charioteers |
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factio |
name for organization of stables: colours |
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Familia Quadriga |
household of chariots, stables with doctors and other staff, training grounds |
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Domminius Factionis |
leaders of factions usually from equestrian middle class people |
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circus maximus |
largest circus in Rome 45000 sq meters 150000 spectators |
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spina |
barrier; statue of the gods -> raced around it |
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metae |
turning post |
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4 factions |
blues, greens, reds, and whites usually 4, 8 or 12 teams from these factions |
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auriga |
roman charioteer like gladiators in terms of class and wealth could trade factions but most were loyal |
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chariots material |
small light wheels, small low body wood/metal, skin stretched over it |
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charioteers attire |
tunic, leather crash helmet, leather straps around torso and legs carried knife to cut himself out because they were strapped in |
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ostia |
starting gates: double swing doors |
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mappa |
throwing down cloth napkin to start race |
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how did they order starting gates? |
draft lottery out of urn |
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Pulvinar |
imperial box |
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duration of race |
once past the white chalk line 7 laps counter clockwise 8 - 9 minutes |
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charioteers prizes |
1st place - wreath, palm branch, 15 - 16k |
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sparsores |
waterboys |
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chariot race staff |
refs, recovery teams, doctors, official lap counters, timers, trumpeters |
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late antiquity racing |
private to state control editors paid for races some of cost put on racing clubs |
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Pliny the younger |
quote about mob and betting |
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Ben Hur movie inaccuracies |
no factions, not right amount of teams, attire is wrong, charioteers are heavy |
