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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Classical period |
1750-1820 |
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Enlightenment entailed |
-important intellectual movement of the 18th century. Emphasized the use of reason; brought about many humanitarian reforms - Voltaire and Rousseau, french philosophers -"the pursuit of happiness" -age of good living -Rococo, light and frothy style, pastels, and frills also known as gallant style -pergolesi's la serva padrona opera marked the beginning of the era when comic opera replaced opera serial -rise of public concerts, first public concert hall was built in Oxford, England -center of musical activity was vienna, Austria |
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Style features of the classical period |
-music had to be natural and of pleasing variety -rythm were highly flexible and rhythmic variety was important -classical music moves in a less predictable way than in baroque -dynamics also added variety; composers marked dynamics (f, p, ff, my ect.) In their scores -gradations of volume; crescendos and dimuendos came into general use -rise in popularity of the piano; could produce a continuous range of dynamics -classical orchestra had woodwinds, brass, and strings -tunes are simple and clear -texture:homophonic -themes are repeated so listeners got to know the melody well -balance and symmetry were important |
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The symphony |
-Most important orchestral genre of the classical period -a large orchestra piece in several movements -symphonies were performed at public concerts along with concertos |
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Variation form |
-successive repetition of a melody, the theme, with various changes at each repetition - in classical variation form the theme is in the upper voices (not bass as in the baroque variation form) |
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Movements of the symphony |
I - fast/moderate, sonata form (sometimes with a slow introduction II - slow/very slow, no standard form III - Minuet and Trio, moderate, minuet form IV - fast/ very fast, sonata form or rondo |
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Sonata form (ABA) |
A - Exposition. (Basic material introduced). First theme, bridge (or transition), second theme (In a new key), cadence theme (or closing theme), repeat of exposition B - Development. (Themes developed), use of counterpoint, fragmentation ect. Restless, unstable, modulations, re-transition A - Recapitulation. (Step by step review of exposition), themes from the exposition return in order. Music remains in the tonic key. Coda (concluding section) |
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Minuet form |
Minuet Trio. Minuet A. B. A aa ba ba. cc dc dc. aba The internal form in the minuets was extended during the classical period. Baroque minuets were in binary form(ab), classical minuets were ternary form (aba) |
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Sonata |
-sonata means "sounded" - sonata is a domestic genre; not designed for concerts - classical period sonatas were for one or two instruments only; piano sonatas composed for solo piano, violin sonatas for violin and piano. Piano is an equal -has 3 movements (fast-slow-fast) |
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Rondo Form |
-used mainly for closing movements; lights and simple melodies -basic principle; repetition of the rondo theme. Main theme recurs again and again -some designs of a rondo: ABACA (coda) ABACABA ABACABA ABACDABA |
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Classical concerto |
-large composition for orchestra and solo instrument -in three movements - first movements in double exposition form developed by Mozart. This is an extended variant of the sonata form with an orchestra exposition which does not modulate (no change of key) and solo exposition which doesn't modulate. Shortly before the end there is a big, formal pause for the soloists cadenza, usually improvised by the soloist |
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String quartet |
- 4 instruments: 2 violins, a viola, and a cello - four movements (like symphony) - chamber music: music designed to be played in a room; compositions for 2-9 players, one player on each part |
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Opera |
-comic opera (opera buffa) grew in popularity - recitation and aria still important parts; new feature:ensemble (number sung by 2 or more people) depicts different sentiments of the characters simultaneously - the ensemble changed opera into a more dramatic genre than had been possible with baroque opera |
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Exposition |
the initial presentation of the thematic material of a musical composition, movement, or section. The use of the term generally implies that the material will be developed or varied. |
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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart birth and deatg? |
1756-1791 |
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About Mozart |
-born in salzburg, Austria -father, leopold, was a court musician and composer -sister, nannerl; Noth were child prodigies -worked for an archbishop in salzburg for a while -moved to vienna in 1781 -married constance weber, a singer -died suddenly at the age of 35a |
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Franz Joseph Haydns birth and death |
1732-1809 |
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About Franz Joseph haydn |
-born in austria; father a wheelright -brother also a conposer -was a choir boy in Vienna -worked for prince Esterhazy for 30 years -"father" of the symphony and of the string quartet -wrote music for an instrument called the Baryton -haydn is the true musical representative of the enlightenment |
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Cadence theme |
rhythmic flow of a sequence of sounds or words |
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Cadenza |
a virtuoso solo passage inserted into a movement in a concerto or other work, typically near the end. |
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Da capo |
(especially as a direction) repeat from the beginning. |
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Coda |
the concluding passage of a piece or movement, typically forming an addition to the basic structure. |
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Development |
a process by which a musical idea is communicated in the course of a composition. It refers to the transformation and restatement of initial material, and is often contrasted with musical variation, which is a slightly different means to the same end. |
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Double exposition form |
This means that the first section of the movement is played twice, first by the orchestra alone, and the second time by the soloist accompanied by the orchestra. |
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Ensemble |
a group of musicians, actors, or dancers who perform together. |
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Minuet |
a slow, stately ballroom dance for two in triple time, popular especially in the 18th century. |
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Motive |
In music, a motif (pronunciation) (help. · info) or motive is a short musical idea, a salient recurring figure, musical fragment or succession of notes that has some special importance in or is characteristic of a composition: "The motive is the smallest structural unit possessing thematic identity". |
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Pizzicato |
plucking the strings of a violin or other stringed instrument with one's finger |
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Recapitulation |
an act or instance of summarizing and restating the main points of something. |
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Ternary form |
a form consisting of three sections, the third section normally either a literal or a varied repeat of the first. |
