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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1
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Swift was born in Ireland in 1667. He was raised as an Anglican--Catholics were 2nd class citizens.
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2
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Swift was a personal secretary to the Aristocrat William Temple. In his employment, Swift becomes involved in a dispute called Ancients vs. Modernists. Temple believed the ancients should be models. Hacks said modernists should be models.
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3
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A Tale of A Tube was written in 1697. The major point of the essay is that Swift is weighing in on the side of the ancients.
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4
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The main premise of A Tale of A Tub is that he is pretending to be a hack writer. He's written for different administrations. As a hack, he is presumably trying to sound foolish. Hack loads in as much garbage as he can to make the page count go up--Hacks are paid by the number of pages. After this, Swift gets on to his tale.
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5
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In A Tale of A Tub, there is a deep allegory in that Swift wants to put an institution to put all of the hacks into. Sometimes sailors throw a tub at a whale tring to attack the ship. The ship is England, the tale is the tub, and the whale is the hack writer.
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6
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The VEHICLE OF ALLEGORY. A vehicle in a story is usually what is said. The vehicle conveys concepts that are sometimes represented symbolically or metaphiscally by the story.
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7
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In a Tale--the VEHCILE consists of THREE boys who get a WILL, 3 COATS, and GO TO TOWN.
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8
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The 3 boys represent the history of Christianity. The will represents the Bible. The coats are the various doctrines, sacrements, and practices.
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9
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The 3 boys go to 17th century London. They party like its 6th street. For Christianity to grow, it must assimilate with local practices--Christmas trees, etc. The boys go to town and become corrupted.
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10
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The boys get to town and discover that the town is controlled by a particular religion--clothing. Dress for success.
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11
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The will said not to change their coats--yet, this is a problem in the clothing society because this means that they won't be able to fit in. They need shoulder knots for people around them to believe that they have a soul. They look for shoulder knots in the will, and don't find there. There is no "K" in the will. The oldest brother says they should exchange the "K" with a "C"--meaning that the door is now open for them to interpret the will in any way they see fit.Protestants did not keep the Bible in Latin, the Catholics did. This is like a history of the corruption of the Bible.
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12
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Swift says that everything is a sex drive, but it depends on how you control it. Sex drive and sublimation leads to warfare, philosophical conventions, etc.
Line 206---"Madness gives you the zeal to do impressove things." |
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13
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Swift says the surface is all that matters--like the clothes religion. People like to be well-decieved and not know the truth.
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14
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FLAYED--means to be skinned while still alive. Swift says the outside of the body is preferable to the inside--Ripping someone's skin off will make them look bad. "Last week I saw a woman flayed." Swift is not grossed out, he just says she looked bad. He is more surprised than anything.
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15
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Satire is a parasitic form--it adapts other genres and uses them for satirical purposes. Gulliver's Travels takes Travel Writing and makes a satire of it.
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16
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Gulliver's Travels and Travel Writing are the VEHICLE for Swift's satire on human beings and the way they operated. Gulliver's Travels dramatizes satire with a physical episode--one giant guy with a bunch of little people.
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17
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"He called it his oracle and said it pointed out the time of every action of his life." p.30 This a satire of a watch. We live by time.
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18
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To obtain a political office, a Lilliputian must walk a tight-rope. This is a satire of how politicians work. Then Swift makes it specific to Walpole. Flimnap is Walpole--dangerous up there on a tightrope--if you fall, you could break your neck. You must cowtow to the master--those who obtain high ranks are those who have kissed up to the master.
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19
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Blefuscu is France. Mildendo (Lilliput) is England. The parties of Lilliput are the High Heels and the Low Heels. High Church are Tories, Low Church are Whigs.
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20
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The Prince wears one high heel and one low heel to satisfy both parties--but it makes him waddle and therefore look foolish.
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21
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Low Heels are connected to Little Indians. Big Indians are Roman Catholic. England is Protestant Anglican. Anglican King Henry VIII seizes Catholic Church land, and becomes Pope.
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22
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Catholics are about body and blood. Swfit brings in Eggs. All true believers should break their own eggs at the convienant end--big end or small end. Swift makes it physical.
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23
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Gulliver brought the ships to Lilliput and ends the war in a bloodless way. Yet, Lilliput doesn't praise him but wants him to crush Blefuscu. Gulliver said he won't be a person to make slaves of anyone else.
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24
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in BOOK 2, Gulliver talks about the system of laws. They punish you but also reward you. European laws only focus on punishments. If you are good, you get titles. If you make a false allegation against someone, that allegation falls upon them. People are chosen for government positions by dancing on a rope and tightwalking and leaping over a rope. Yet, Pope says that truth, temperance, and justice are required for govt positions? More on this later
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25
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Augustan Age--Rome becomes an Empire. People anticipate that after the English Civil War, Britian will rise to the status of the New Roman Empire as ROME did in the Augustan Age. Since Pope and Swift are believers in the ancients, they believe in Augustan ideals.
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26
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"Degenerate Nature of Man"--people move away from the ideal and towards corrupt forms. Augustan tennant says that everything will degenerate because of the fallen nature of man. This why Pope/Swift look favorably upon ancients--people are more corrupt now than they were then.
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27
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In Book 2, there are lots of animals. The first animal he compares himself to is a weasel. Then he compares himself to a rodent, and another creature resembling a weasel. He compares himself to scary little creatures, not magnificent creatures like Lions or Tigers.
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28
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Gulliver is the same size in Brobdingnag as the Lilliputians were to him. He can't figure out where he is. After he goes to the farmer's house, the farmer puts him to work to make money off of him. He is made into a little entertainer--a freakshow trained like an animal. They work him so hard that he almost dies. If you are constantly compared to a trained animal, you are being dehumanized. Gulliver is slowly being dehumanized. He is treated like everything but what he is.
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29
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Once Gulliver is at court, the scientists determine that he is a freak of nature. He has lost a lot of self esteem. Often people who have low self-esteem attempt to compensate by bragging. Gulliver is constantly trying to show off--sailing the boat, sword fighting, etc.
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30
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Gulliver hangs out with the young, beautiful maids of honor. Yet, he sees the human body way close up--like the Lilliputians saw him. He is making a satire of the human body with ugly moles, skin color, smells, etc.
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31
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Gulliver is unmanned by the young maidens--one places him on her nipple and the other maids are naked in front of him and don't care. He is used a sex toy.
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32
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Gulliver is kidnapped by a monkey who thinks Gulliver is his child. The monkey is cramming food in his mouth while people fear for Gulliver's life, but also laugh at him.
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33
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Gulliver tries to stand up for himself after the monkey episode, but everyone laughs at him--he says it is vain and futile to say you are equal to those who are not equal with you. He tries to jump over a cow patty and falls into it--this summarizes his whole experience in Brobdingnag.
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34
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Swift wanted a woman who could serve as his mother and daughter. In Gulliver's Travels, Brumdalclitch is young but 40 feet tall. She is one of the most positively portrayed females in all of Swift's works. She is his helper and protector.
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35
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If Gulliver can't beat the big people physically, he will beat them mentally. He is going to tell the king what a great country he comes from. He is going to build himself up by talking about England. The king takes the role of the satirist within the novel. Gulliver starts to tell the king about England and its culture. Gulliver is extremely positive in his account of England and said things never degenerated in England---which is something Swift himself strongly disagrees with. Gulliver says the government and clergy are wonderful to exaggerate the positive. With the positive exaggerated, the satirist can stick a balloon in the balloon of greatness.
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36
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The King, however, says England's "greatness" is based on bootlickers, bribes, corruption, lust, etc. The King acts like a prosecutor in chapter 6. In the words of the king, all the animal imagery meets with the sentences he gives about the corruption of English culture. This is an indictment of man. "Pernicious race of little odious vermin that nature ever suffered to crawl upon the earth."
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37
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In Gulliver's opinion, mankind's greatest invention is gunpowder. Gunpowder is something Gulliver believes will cause the king to admire him. Gulliver offers to build the king a gun, but the king rips into Gulliver and said that gunpowder sounds terrible. Gulliver is shocked by the king's reaction and does not think that guns and mass destruction are a bad thing--he loves this type of stuff.
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38
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In the gunpowder passage, Swift is letting us know that humans love conflict and warfare. Human beings have used their minds, that which sets them apart from animals, to make humans worse than animals could ever be. We can learn how to kill better, more efficiently, and on a larger scale.
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39
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The AUGUSTAN way of thinking said that you must think about the effects of what you create. Plastic is a great invention with many uses, but it also pollutes rivers. Frankenstein is about a great creation running amok and killing people.
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40
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In BOOK 3, Laputa, the land the story takes place, means "whore" in Spanish. Laputans need flappers to get people's attention. Their minds are constantly on great thoughts in theory-land. Swift is talking of the birth of modern, empirically based science. Experimental Science is about taking something and experimenting with it until you get it right.
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41
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The Royal Society was composed of a group of scientists who are interested in new kinds of experiences and discoveries. To the common person, theses dissertations sound absolutely rediculous--but they are realms of pure science that could lead to something with a practical application. Swift wants to laugh at these people, but is also saying that if you are doing this stuff, you need to think about the actual consequences of this stuff if you succeed.
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42
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In the English world, when you try to see what size clothing a person wears, you measure them with measuring tape. In Laputa, they send a person with a sexton to measure things at a distance. After this, they put everything into equations. The clothes cocme back and don't fit Gulliver. Laputans do everything but the easy thing--could have just measured Gulliver. Swift is criticizing those who overengineer things. The only people who don't buy into this are the females. They are constantly trying to crawl over the edge to be with real men below.
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43
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When Gulliver describes women, it moves in a misogynistic direction. One woman would rather live with a deformed footman who beats her than her spaced-out husband above
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44
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The rebellious island with towers is Dublin. Swift is encoding symbolically his resistance to English attempts to conquer Ireland. If England tries to conquer Ireland, it will fall apart--like Laputa.
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45
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There is only one person upholding the old ways, and he is looked upon disfavorably. His name is Lord Munodi--Latin for "He who hates the world." Munodi looks just like the estate Pope promotes in his poetry. Munodi's estate is surrounded by modernity, yet, to avoid getting into trouble, he has to destory his estate.
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46
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People have a great new scheme for everything--planting and harvesting in any season you want, etc.--yet, they put the plan in motion without seeing if it would work.
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47
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AUGUSTAN thinking says you should keep the old but continually improve it. Take it gradually and think about awhat you are doing.
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48
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PROJECTORS are people who try to do things before seeing if things are ready to put into practice.
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49
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The Academy at Lagado is like a place for Hack Writers and is also a reference to the Royal Society and Bedlam. Bedlam is an insane asylum. The Academy at Lagado is comprised of individual rooms with scientists doing crazy things. Excrement into food, roof before house structure, blind man who mixes paint for painters, make naked sheep.
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50
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In THE DUNCIAD, Pope is writing about the gradual conquering of London by Dunces. Lots of the Dunces are Hack writers. These people vulgarize culture. They move west and then go closer and closer to the throne. The king of dunces sits on the throne with all kinds of Dunces coming to the throne to tell the King what they have done to help turn England into a nation of Dunces.
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51
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The Vehicle of the Duciad is derived from the Illiad and the Aenied. The Dunciad is a MOCK EPIC.
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52
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The Mock Epic follows Epic form in that it is written in a high sytle with high topics and characters. The Mock Epic uses high style and applies it to low characters and rediculous events. Common things are treated like epic events.
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53
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Before the Dunciad, John Milton had written possibly the greates Epic ever--PARADISE LOST. Milton casts a shadow of influence over the poets that follow him. All poets of his time aspired to write a great epic.
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54
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An epic must be written about the highest subject available. Milton writes about Satan falling out with God, about the creation of the Earth, about war between angels and demons, etc.
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55
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Pope was attacked by Hacks and non-Hacks who did not like the things he said. Pope was taking more hits than he handed out. In 1728, the first version of The Dunciad was released to get back at the hacks who attacked him. The Duciad initally came out with 3 books. The Dunciad was a huge hit made even more famous by the scandal it generated--hack writers threaten to beat up bookstore owners who sell it.
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56
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The Dunciad variously explains who all the Hack writers are. Controversy helps sell the copies. For all Pope's attacks on Hacks, he is part of the game as well--he profits off of it.
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57
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In the 1740s, Pope redoes the Dunciad and makes it up-to date. Sibur is the new king of Dunces. Pope also takes lots of material out of book 3 and puts it into book 4. Dulness is the Goddess of Dunces. In 1743, all 4 Dunciad books are published.
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58
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The East End of London is known as the city of London--formerly the Roman part of London. The East end of London is the financial center of London--like Wall Street in New York. The financial sector of London is disreputable to Pope--he looks down on business. Pope and Swift want to identify with West London--where the aristocracy lives.
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59
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Grub Street is a real place but it is more a symbolic place of hack writing and low forms of literary production. Grub Street is also associated with madness (Bedlam) and Popular Culture.
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60
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Low life and Low culture were associated with East London. High Culute and High Art were associated with West London.
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61
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Convent Garden is a place where two theaters were located. It is a place where West London met East London. There were lots of writers, publishers, prostitutes, plays, and other things that operated here.
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62
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East London was operated by the Mayor London. Westminster used to just be a city before it became associated with London. Temple Bar used to be the dividing line.
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63
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The Goddess of Dulness is the daughter of chaos and night from Paradise Lost. In Paradise Lost, Satan attempts to convince Chaos and Night that he will give the Earth back to them if they let him pass through and is therefore able to corrupt the Earth.
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64
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The Satirist loves his victim--Pope as a satirist won't exist without East London. There is a prophecy about the conquest of London by Dunces in book 3.
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65
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Book 4 begins in a palace with the Goddess Dulness and King Sibur. Since they are in a throne room and he is talking about London, he is talking about St. James Palace--the seat of monarchy at the time. The narrator wants to get in his final say before the inevitable defeat comes--he is admitting defeat.
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66
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Science, Wit, Logic, Rhetoric, Morality are supposed to be things we think of as people.
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67
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RHETORIC is replaced by Billingsgate. Billingsgate essentially means foul mouth or vulgar language.
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68
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LOGIC is replaced by Sophistry. Sophistry involves illogical forms of understanding.
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69
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SCIENCE and WIT are both bound in chains.
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70
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MORALITY is replaced by chicanery--a word for trickery--and Casuistry--a word meaning argumentative religious nit-picking.
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71
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Every part of English culture from all classes and professions stream lines to speak of what they've done to contribute to the duncification of England.
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72
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The first dunces to arrive in front of the thrones are the editors--people who judge great works of literature and mess them up.
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73
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The education of a dunce starts at the most elite public schools in London--schools which are right next to St. James, the palace housing the king and queen of England. Public Schools wanted children to learn lots Latin and would beat them if they didn't. This is rote learning--a type of teaching that encourages strict obediance and a fear of power, but little else.
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74
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Line 180 "For sure, if Dulness sees a grateful day, Tis in the shade of arbitrary sway." Dunces are susceptible to dictatorship. The middle class and aristocracy were corrupted at English public schools. Oxford and Cambridge were for rich people who wished to further their education. These people were represented as people who came to the throne wearing black graduation robes.
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75
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Bentley is singled out by Goddess Dulness. Bentley symbolized what universities teach. Bentley criticizes literary texts--Pope says too much criticism makes literature dull. Pope also attacks universities for making literature dull in An Essay on Criticism and Epistle to Burlington.
"For thee explain a thing until all men doubt it, and write about it, Goddess, write about it." |
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76
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Public Schools--Universities--Travel (Grand Tour).
After University education, some wealthy students would travel all over Europe to see palaces and other cultural centers. Pope said that the Grand Tour was about losing education and picking up all vices from Europe and coming home a fop. Pope thus attacks the entire culture of England as he saw it. |
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77
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In Book 4, we have met the enemy and it is us. Swift tries to present something that seems weird, odious, and bizarre--only to have it become a mirror. The Yahoos are actually human beings--hairy uncivilized human beings.
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78
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Swift had the EXCREMENTAL VISION. The Excremental Vision focused on bodily functions to bring humans down to Earth. Where does Gulliver go to the bathroom in Lilliputa? In Satire, this type of thing is deliberately focused on.
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79
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Gulliver meets the Yahoos and then meets the horses. Winums--sound of horse name "Houyhnhnms". Gulliver first thinks the Horses are magicians--and then discovers that they are highly intelligent horses. 18th century Londoners had a fascination with super smart animals. Popular culture was played up in book 4.
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80
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In terms of civilization, Gulliver was in the middle between Yahoos at the bottom and Winums at the top. Early in the satire, Gulliver's clothes separate him from the Yahoos. On Laputa, clothes are problematic because of abstract methods of measurement. Clothes religion is big in A Tale of A Tub--clothes make the man--your shoulder knots are your soul and your clothes are what you are. In King Lear, the King tears his clothes because he thinks he is just an animal underneath his superficial clothes. Clothes should not be important, but they certainly are.
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81
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Gulliver, clothes, and his gentle nature separate him from the Yahoos. The Yahoos wear a man-made item that separates him from the beasts. Clothing is used to determine civilization--less clothing equals less civilization, more clothing equals more civilization. Islander vs. European.
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82
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When Gulliver discovers on page 244-245 that he is at least physically like Yahoos, his response is to recoil and try to be as little like them as possible. A self-hatred develops here.
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83
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On Page 249--"I must be a perfect Yahoo." He looks like a Yahoo but does have slight physical differences.
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84
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Gulliver's society equals Yahoo Society. Master questions Gulliver about his country--the Winums have no words for lies--"You are saying the thing that was not." Several times, the master says this to Gulliver about his country.
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85
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Gulliver's attitude toward England is decisively negative. Religion causes futile wars. Court sytems are corrupt, etc.
At Brobdingnag, Gulliver was totally praising England--the King's questions bring down the civilizatoin. Gulliver is different in different books because he is a vehicle for the points that Swift wants to make. In Book 2, Gulliver is a victim of King's satire. In Book 4, he is the satirist himself. |
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86
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Some of the arguments that Swift discussess involve whether flesh be bread or bread be flesh or whether juice be blood or blood be juice. These are arguments over transubstantiation. Swift is trying to say that people fight over stupid things.
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87
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In war, Swift says a soldier is "a Yahoo" who is to kill as many people who have not offended him as possible. The soldier is the final negotiation when nothing else works. Most animals kill for food, some kill for fun, but humans are the only ones who have masterd the art of killing on massive scales. Swift says that among Yahoos, the profession of soldier is the most honorable profession.
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88
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After Gulliver describes how war proceeds, the master is completely confused. He does not see how Yahoos could kill each other on so massive a scale. Gulliver then tells him of weapons. Weaponry is probably the leading edge invetntion that opens the door for other things--splitting the atom. Every technological step the enemy takes, you must equal or surpass.
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89
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"To the great diversion of all the spectators." p.256
Swift enjoys making fun of people for how much they enjoy war. The master says that humans use reason not to build up civilization but to make it more efficient at the widespread killing of people. |
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90
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Swift did not like lawyers. Gulliver says that after 10, 20, or 30 years a case will be settled over whose cow was stolen. Swift says people are slaves to lawyers and that normal people can't navigate their way through complex laws.
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91
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On p.258, Swift goes into a liberal diatribe against authority. England had a very wealthy monarchy, wealthy aristocracy, a somewhat wealthy middleclass, and lots of poor farmers/factory workers. Swift says that, to a degree, the economic system of England needs adjusting. Why should Aristocrats have everything while enormous numbers of people have hardly anything? Swift was a radical against what England was doing in Ireland.
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92
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In the 18th century, luxury had a different meaning. It meant having too much of everything and becoming soft, degenerate, and lazy. Luxury would erode morality and fighting spirit. p.258 is an Anti-Luxury diatribe.
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93
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Gulliver says the English like to drink. The Yahoos have a root they like to chew on which makes them fall down and jabber. On page 260, things are given to make English people vomit.
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94
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The Winums are graded by color. p.262 "Nor born with equal talents of mind or a capacity to improve them." This is like racism.
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95
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The equivalent of English money and greed are the shining stones of the Yahoos. There is no intrinsic value in the stones--they are just things that they want for beauty. The descending effects of alcohol are described among Yahoos, ministers are the ugliest and most disliked members of the Yahoos, etc. The Red haired Yahoos are the ones that cause the most trouble--Irish satire.
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96
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The first phase of satire in book 4 ends with a long working out of the notion that the bad things humans do are replicated in Yahoos. There is still a distinction with Gulliver's clothes and his gentleness. After the female Yahoo jumps into the water with him, he hates himself as a Yahoo. He wants to be a Winum. He aspires to be a Winum.
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97
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The Winum children are expendable--neighbors have some affection for their own children as they do for those around them. There is no affection for children. This would normally be alarming, but at this point in the story we've already accepted that Winums are good and Yahoos are bad.
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98
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In choosing mates, parents and friends choose the most suitable mates to ensure that their race continues to be what they would call pure. This is like the Eugenics movement of the Nazis.
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99
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The death of spouses are unusual. The Old Lady is late coming to the master's house. She non-chalantly explains that she had to bury her husband. They are creatures without emotion or are extremely stoic--like the Spartans.
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100
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At the major meeting, the master and others talk about extermination of the Yahoos from the face of the Earth. This could be like the exterminatin of the Jews.
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101
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Winums are sort of like Aliens. The first Yahoos came from the mountains. 2 of them came down. Why did the Winums not take the Yahoos and civilize them instead of oppressing them. Yahoos are like illegal aliens--Winums treat Yahoos like illegal aliens. Bad things have Yahoo in their name--bad milk is Yahoo Milk. Rhetoric is very important in terms of creating feeling and courses of action--difference between saying "destroy them all" and "eliminate the obstacle."
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102
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Gulliver's clothes begin to wear out, yet, he has a source of material from which to make new clothes--Yahoo skins. Yahoo skins are used to make clothes--Yahoos are humans. On p.276, Gulliver comes back to society and has huge problems fitting in.
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103
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On p.276, Gulliver comes back to society and has huge problems fitting in. He trots like a horse. We have gone over the edge like Gulliver. Natives shoot at him with arrows. Pedro DeMendez saves him and does all kinds of nice things for him. The English were scared of Portugese sailors because they were thought to do bad things to Protestants.
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104
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On page 283, Gulliver can't stand the smell of his family and won't eat with them because he thinks of them as Yahoos. He is not a Winum but, he hopes, a better form of Yahoo.
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105
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Gulliver has probably gone crazy. The next week, he buys 2 horses and spends all of his time talking to them. He is crazy from pride and is over the hill.
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106
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There are at least 2 answers. The Satire of the first half of the book is still completely valid--Yahoos are full of vice. In the 2nd half, Swift is showing us how easy it is to become so prideful that we separate ourselves from society and become insane. Lots of people miss this point and fail to understand the story.
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107
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Some people think Swift was extremely hateful of humanity and dismiss the 2nd part of the interpretation. In Lilliput, when Gulliver is big, he is big morally--he is the one who resists the tyrannical impulses of the ruling elite. Then the Lilliputians falsely accuse him of having an affair.
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108
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In Brobdingnag, Gulliver is called the worst vermin nature ever created. The problem with Gulliver is that he does not realize that he is neither a Yahoo or a Winum. He is physically a Yahoo, but emotionally a Winum. He wants to become purely rational like the Winum. Swift says you can become as purely rational like a Winum as easily as Gulliver can become a horse. Swift exaggerates this point when he makes Gulliver trot like a horse when he was first found.
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