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417 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is this piece of art, who created it, when was it created and what is it about? |
Sparagmos Scene, Red Figure, Athens, 450 BC
"Ripping apart" = Sparagmos Scene |
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What is this piece of art, who created it, when was it created and what is it about? |
Slaves at Work, Black Figure Vase, Athens, 5th c. BC |
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What is this piece of art, who created it, when was it created and what is it about?
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Henry Moore, Mask, 1928
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What is this piece of art, who created it, when was it created and what is it about?
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Harp Player, ECII [Early Cycladic 2]
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What is this piece of art, who created it, when was it created and what is it about? |
Henry Moore, Reclining Figure, 1951
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What is this piece of art, who created it, when was it created and what is it about?
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Spedos-type figurine, ECII
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What is this piece of art, who created it, when was it created and what is it about?
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Minos as Judge of the Underworld, William Blake, 1824-27
About King Minos, the mythological son of Zues and Europa, mentioned by Homer as a Cretan king and makes King Aegeus (father of Athenian hero Theseus) pick 7 boys and 7 girls to be fed to the Minotaur in the labyrinth every 9 years |
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What is this piece of art, who created it, when was it created and what is it about?
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View of Pompeii, Giovanni Battista Piranesi, 1772-78
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Who is John Stuart Mill? |
British moral and political philosopher (1806 - 1873). He was about the despotism of legitimate mode of government in dealing with barbarians. |
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What is the context and significance of this?
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Hieron I of Sicily, a symbol of democracy from Greece.
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What is the context and significance of this? |
Tyrannicides, a symbol of democracy from Greece.
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What is significant about the Elgin Marbles?
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British politician Lord Elgin removed a large portion of the frieze from the Parthenon in Athens (with permission of the ruling Turks) and became a centerpiece of the British Museum which the Greeks want back. |
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What is deterritorialization?
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Selecting individual ideas, people, events and separating them from the surrounding context.
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What is reterritorizalation?
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Knitting this collection together and inserting it into a new culture, intellectual or political context.
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What is the context and significance of The Annales School?
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Group of French historians in the middle of the 20th century dedicated to studying deep change in history.
They viewed history as a social science and looked at environmental, social and anthropological changes across long periods of time. |
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What is Braudel's Model of History?
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Created by Ferdinand Braudel (1902-1985), there were three currents:
Waves - froth on top of real change (politics, war, battles, debates) Upper current (social tension, religious innovation, political revolutions) Deep currents - changing ways of life, human/environment interaction (deep social change) |
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What is Mediterraneanism according to H & P?
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Fragmented micro-ecologies
High levels of 'connectivity'; incentives for exchange Highly variable climatic conditions Unity in disunity |
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What is the context and significance of this?
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Maximum glaciation during the last ice age (18,000 BCE)
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Where is the Franchthi Cave and whats its significance?
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Inhabitant begins around 20,000 BCE
Tools for scraping hides |
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Where is the Fertile Crescent and whats is its significance?
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At the end of ice age (9500 BCE), temperature rise in modern Turkey, Iraq, and Eastern Mediterranean coast.
Experiments in cultivation of wild planets leads to invention of sedentary agriculture. Rapid elevation changes make different type of cultivation possible. Birth of sedentary urban life. |
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Where is Millstones and Obsidian?
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What is context and significance of Neolithic Francthi?
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6000 BCE, domestic crops and animals from Mesopotamia appear and pottery production begins with more elaborate tools.
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What is Secondary Products Revolution?
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The creation of diversified and complex energy economy, using animals as means of converting energy into various useful forms.
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What is the context and significance of the Plough?
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Common in Greece by 3000 BCE, allows cultivation of heavy fertile soils; use of animal labour.
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Where is Helladic, Cycladic and Minoan?
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Where is Lerna and what is its context/significance?
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Late Neolithic/Early Helladic site, not far from the Franchthi cave.
House of tiles 24x12m and it had fortification and appeared to be a storage style housing. |
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What is the context/significance of this?
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Looter's Tunnel 18th c., Herculaneum which was buried under the lava so very well preserved.
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Who is Heinrich Schliemann and his context/significance? |
Heinrich Schliemann (1822 - 1890) was a German archaeologists who excavated the sites of Troy and Mycenae To find the site of Troy, he went entirely off the works of Homer |
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What is unique about Troy?
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Occupied from 3000 BCE - 500 CE in 9 levels. It was the site of the Trojan War.
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Where is Mycenae and what was its context/significance?
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Several years after beginning work in Troy, Schliemann begins excavations at Mycenae, another important Homeric center (home of Agememmon who started the Torjan war)
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What is the context/significance of this?
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Cyclopean architecture at the 'Lion Gate', LHIII
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What is the context/significance of the Mask of Agememmon?
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Schliemann discovered several lavish tombs at Mycenae and among them was this mask.
He claimed it was the death mask of Agemennom himself. People today believed he forged it. |
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What was the Ayran connection Schliemann man?
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Schliemann flirted with the idea of an Aryan presence at Troy and Mycenae.
Several figurines sporting swastikas from his excavations have been revealed as forgeries though. |
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What is an Arian?
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Racial term for blond hair and blue eyes.
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Who was Gustav Kossina?
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1853 - 1931
He was a Nazi archaeologist devoted to demonstrating the innate superiority of the German race. Suggest that Schliemann was too cautions: the shaft graves of Mycenae belonged to a race of Teutonic warrior kings. |
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Who was Arthur Evans?
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1851-1941
He was a British adventurer/archaeologist. He was contemporary of Schliemann; continues his idea of a 'Mycenaean' civilization. He excavates the sites of Knossos; discovers new civilization. |
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Where is Knossos?
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Who are the Minaons?
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The stratigraphy (archaeological layers) suggest that the remains of Knossos were earlier than those of Mycenae.
Many cultural differences also apparent. Remains can be found through Aegean, though primarily on Crete. |
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What makes the Minaons weird?
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Women were important to religion and public ceremonies
Estatic religious rites (religion rights were weird and jumping over bulls) Love of nature/no war Egyptian and Near-Eastern influence Apparent absence of warfare (no walls, no depiction of weapons or warfare) No obvious ethnic affiliation: language undecipherable |
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Context/Significance?
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Minoan Snake Goddess, 1600 BC
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Context/Significance? |
Grandstand and Temple Fresco, Knossos, 1700 - 1525 BCE Possible interpretation was that the women were leaders |
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Context/Significance?
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Bull Leaping Fresco, Knossos, MMIII - LMI
Bull jumping/leaping Believed comic book style of stages of jump or women on either side due to lighter skin. |
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What is weird about these?
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In the first vase, the giant octopus is going all across the vase and more of a fascination of nature in Minoan.
Second one just looks cool (and nature). |
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What is significant about Thalassocracy?
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Minaon artifacts and influence are apparent through the Aegean which means they Minaons had trade links with Egypt and the nearests.
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Context/Significance?
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Queens Fresco, Knossos, MMII - LMI
Knossos art where rule, dancing or talking |
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Context/Significance?
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Mycenean Warrior Vase, 1200 BCE
Warriors/war. More rigid, all on straight line, no passing geometric line. |
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Context/Significance?
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Picasso, Minotauromachy, 1934
Inspired by the sacrifice to the minotaur. |
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What is the Curse of Ham? |
Folk etymology equates 'Ham' with words for black or burnt so the Curse of Ham jusitifies the enslavement of black Africans. |
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What is the Hamitic Hypothesis?
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C.G. Seligman (1873 - 1940)
Hamites actually a Caucasian race of pastoralists who colonized 'negroid Africa. |
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What is the context/significance of George Wells Parker: Africian Origin of Grecian Civilization? |
George Wells Parker (1917) book was about the African origin and when he looked at excavations, the people look weird and African like and that Greeks were black Evidence in lips and hair
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Who was Cheikh Anta Diop?
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He was a Senegalese scholar (1928 - 1986) who was involved in anti-colonist student groups at the height of the decolonization movement.
He was the intellectual father of modern Afrocentrisms and commited pan-Africanist. He believed a future federated state of Africa needed to recover its shared heritage, as the foundation of its future unity. |
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What is the two-cradles theory?
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Life begin in the cacus somewhere in germany (cradle of Indo-european civilization)
and another near the Nile started where African settlers. |
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What is Black Athena?
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By Martin Bernal (1937 - 2013)
Argues that 19th century european scholars fabricated the myth of an Aryan invasion of Greece to replace the 'Ancient Model' of Egyptian and Near-Eastern influence |
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Who were the Minoans?
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DNA testing suggests Minoan population came form Anatolia (Turkey), not Africa
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What happened to Thera (Santorini)?
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The Theran Eruption. A giant (possible world biggest during the human era) volcano eruption happened and buried Akrotiri under host ash in 1628 BCE.
The prevaling winds during this went from west to east and blew ashes to Turkey and Egypt. This was the end of the Minoan civilization and critically weakened it causing wars, uprisings, etc. and the Mycenean Greeks took over. This was also known as the Bronze Age Pompeii. |
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What is Linear B?
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Syllabic writing found on burnt clay tablets.
Matching syllabuls with symbols. Based on Minoan Linear A script usually these tablets recording sheep, grain (adminstrative things) and produced by professional scribes Intended to be temporary |
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What is Palace Economy?
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A near Eastern economy characterized by bureaucracy, large palace centers, state monopolies and central organization of social and religious life.
There is no evidence of currency but there are large storerooms closely associated with central palatial structures. Evidence for large holding of sheep and crops It worked like the palace gives to textile to use the sheep to make work, the palatial flocks will take grain but not all, king wold hold giant parties with food and wine and create a legitimacy in society by being the ultimate patrine |
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What is a Wanax?
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A wanax is a king or as a Homeric calls it, an anax.
Eventually gets overruled by the Quasireu |
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Context/Significance?
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Interior of the Treasure of Atreus, Mycenae, 1250 BCE
This was a Tholos Tombs and they were huge. It was the ideology of kingship was in tombs and they put it under a dome under a mound. |
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Who were the Sea People?
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In inscriptions, they are a coalition of various people.
They were also believed to be the Philistines. Their pottery were of the Mycenean and possible Mycneans themselves. |
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What was the Dorian invasion and Ionian Migration?
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This happened during the dark age.
The Dorian invasion was that not all of Greece had arrived in Greece by the Myceanian period. They invaded from the North and become second settlers. They started to head South when all the chaos began in Greece. The Ionian migration was the original Greeks moving east Though, there was no evidence of this besides the Dialects map. |
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Context/Significance?
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Lefkhandi Longhouse, 1000 - 950 BCE
The Lefkhandi was discovered in 1981 and is believed to be a hero's burial. It was 150 feet long and under it was a cremated man in bronze urn and women with gold jewelry and a thousand year old Babylonian necklace. Some people think this was a burial of a Hesiodic hero that became a mythological figure. |
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What is the Homeric Question?
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Who was Homer?
-we don't know How did he know about the Torjan war? - we have no clue how he knows and how the story of the Trojan war was transmitted When did his works assume their modern form? -first Papyria was the first Homeric literacy |
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Who was Friedrich August Wolf?
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1795 CE wrote the book Prolegema ad Homerum
Wolf observed that Homer barely acknowledges the existence of writing and many glaring inconsistencies can be found through his work |
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What is the Pisistratean Recension?
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This would of happened in 6th century BCE athens where songs were put together to create the Homeric Text where Homer = joiner (homos)
Believed Homer was not a single person but anthology of different songs created by Homeric text |
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Who was Milman Perry?
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1902-1935, Milman Perry noticed that Hoemric poetry seems to consist of reptitous phrases: epithets.
He spends time among illiterate Serbian bards and studies their methods He argues that Homer could have been a real oral poet. |
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What is the Dactylic Haxameter?
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Phrases are prepackaged units, which can be deployed to start or finish a line in metrically appropriate way.
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What is Delphi and where is it? |
Delphi is the site of the oracle of Apollo and becomes an important gathering place for would-be colonists and traders to exchange information after 750 BCE
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That are the 5 stages of the Age of Man?
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The Golden Age: men in harmony with gods (men began in unity)
The Silver Age: long lived, but foolish; willful child-like people (foolish and the gods destroyed them) The Bronze Age: fighters occupied in endless conflicts; no iron (men always in conflict) The Heroic Age: the age of Homeric heroes (Agamenl and Odyssues) The Iron Age: the present age; strife (their present age, no good age) |
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What is the Iliadic Society? |
It had warfare (warfare was politics)
Time (which was honour) Shame culture (or guilt culture) -set of moral codes that you internalize -guilt internally feel of shame -insults have no value if it does not shame |
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Context/Significance? |
Nestor's Cup, Pithikoussai, 8th c. BCE
During this period, the biggest shift that took place and the reemergence of literacy; there were different type of literacy and a lot of people can not write and range of historical information explore Nestor's cup is earliest example of writing after dark age |
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Where is Pithikoussai (not visible on this map so just look for...) and Euboea?
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What is the difference between Linear B and the Alphabet that forms later?
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Linear B:
-administrative language: learned by specialized scribes -difficult to learn; hard to adapt -utilitarian purpose Alphabet: -first used for poetry and art -easy to learn; easy to adapt to different dialects -more democratic |
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What is a polis?
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It is a fundamental unit of political organization in archaic Greece
Centred around a city: a city-state Evolution from fortified settlement to 'cultural achivement' Everyone who lives anywhere in the polis is a member of that polis. |
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What is Archaic Greece? |
Refers to a period between 800 and about 500 BCE |
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Context/Significance? |
The Athenian Acropolis, the epicentre of the Athenian Polis
An idea evolved from a settlement to a cultural achivement Acropolois would be placed on top of a giant rock |
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What is a Syneocism?
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A Synoecism meaning living together.
There are spatial and social phenomenon: -centralization of economic, religious and political functions -participatory only works when people do things together; weak instruments of compulsion -semi voluntary political, religious and economic association of citizens (freeborn men) |
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What is spatial trialectics?
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The spatial trialectics are:
Spatial practice: -physical experience of space; daily rhythms and rituals; patterns of distribution and movement Representational spaces: -meaningful spaces; 'affective loci', 'place' Representation of space: -schematic depictions of space; methods of representing, measuring, systematizing space |
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What is Polis Space:
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Spatial practice:
-centralized economic and political activity Representational spaces: -creation of shared sacred and political spaces Representations of spaces: -new civic identities; political theories; notions of citizenship |
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What is an Oikos?
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The house; the family dwelling
The fundamental building block of the polis, according to Aristotle Responsible for the production and reproduction of adult male citizens; the control and exploitation of women and slaves Where women, slaves and children are |
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What are the gyneceum and andrion?
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Gyneceum is a place for females only and andrion is for males only.
Create social conditions and define the activities who can visit and when. |
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What is Oikos space?
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Spatial practice:
-divide activity Representational space: -gender spaces Representation of space: -oikos as extension of male citizen |
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What is Lyric Poetry?
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Technically, poetry sung with a lyre, but used to refer to a variety of different genres, performed in a variety of different contexts
Gives access to different spaces within polis and oikos: male symposium, female domestic sphere, public ritual, warfare, politics |
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Context/Significance?
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Alcaeus and Sappho, Attic Red Figure, 470 BCE
Outgrowth of epic poetic traditions rooted in new political and cultural circumstances |
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Context/Significance?
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Fragments of Sappho, discovered in Egypt
The challenges that try to edit and interpret papers that sometimes only able to understand a few words. |
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Who is Archilochus?
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680 - 645 BCE
Fought as a soldier and composed as a poet Involved in the Colonization of Thasos His poetry gave the life of a soldier on a far flung island. Uses animals to exclude and dehumanize people. |
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Where is Thasos and Paros?
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What is praise poetry and blame poetry? And do they serve a social function? |
Praise poetry: poetry designed to exalt, proclaim the nobility of its subject Blame poetry: poetry designed to denigrate and exclude Originally the poems served as a political and social function and mean a lot
Praise means increase social statues Blame lowers statues and possible exclude them from society |
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What is Iambic poetry?
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Iambic verse: short/long rhythm
Associated with obscene, scurrilous, aggressive poetry |
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What is the symposium?
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A symposia is a gathering of citizen men in the men's quarter of the household: a piece of the polis embedded in the Oikos
A drinking party, whose participants would discuss philosophy, politics and compose poetry No females allowed except for hetairai = prostitutes, dancers and musicians Microcosm of polis, the enlite male culture |
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Context/Significance?
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'Erotic' Scene from a drinking cup, Athens, 6th - 5th c. BCE
The only way that a women could enter the symposium is if they are of lower social statues. This is actually a scene from a drinking cup which would be found in the symposium. |
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What is Thasos?
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Thasos is where Archilochus landed on his voyage that he described to be a wretched place.
Archilochus went to the colony of Thasos and participated in battle with local tribe of Thracians (the Saians) |
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Who is Callinus?
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Elegaic poet from Ephesus
An elegy is a versatile poetic genre characterized by a long hexameter line followed by a short pentameter Themes included love, war, drinking (symposiastic context) He was a war poet |
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Where is Ephesus?
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Who was Tyrtaeus?
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He was a spartan poet (though the Athenians tried to claim his as their own)
Chronicled the Second Messenian War Wrote in elegaic couplets |
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Context/Significance?
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Hoplites, Corinth, 580 - 560 BCE
A hoplite is a citizen soldier, responsible for providing their own equipment. Key component of archaic armies. if they want to keep the okios and polis in tact, they will have to fight for it Without these hoplite, there is no way to wage war or keep safe |
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What is the phalanx?
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A formation introduced by the Spartans in 690 BCE, consisting of closely packed hoplites with long spears.
Unwieldily, but almost impossible to break (so long as the hoplites themselves are disicplined) Not much room for individual heroics in the Homeric fashion Alexander the Great/Alexander III of Macedon used this. |
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Who were Sappho?
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Poet from the island of Lesbos.
Sappho is one of the only surviving female voices from classical literature. One of the nine canonical lyric poets Seems to have been at the centre of a circle of unmarried women She wrote epithalamia (wedding songs, songs designed to be sung outside a nuptial chamer at night and in the morning, key moment of transition in a freeborn woman's life. None are written from a woman's perspective) She was as one of the great lyric poets by late authors. She was treated as one with the guys. According to the Suda, Sappho was married to Cercylas from Andros (Mr. Penis from the island of man) |
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Where is Lesbos?
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Who was Alcaeus?
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Was born into wealthy, aristocratic class in Mytilene on Lesbos.
Fought against Athens along side his fellow citizens (threw away his shield like Archilochus) Sent into exile under the rule of Myrsilus and Pittacus, two tyrants Composed various types of poetry, including political poems. |
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Who was Myrsilus?
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He was an tyrant from unknon dates but Alcaeus and his brother apprently made plans with Pittacus to overthrow him.
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Who was Pittacus?
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Ruled from 590 - 580 BCE.
A successful general in war against the Athenians; given supreme power by the assembly of Mytilene; opposed by Alcaeus in excile. |
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What is exile?
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It was a common punishment in both ancient Greece and Rome; sometimes voluntary; often forced.
It was a social punishment where your entire social purpose was focused around the polis which created social death. Still happens today. Sometimes was voluntary |
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Context/Significance?
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Symposiast singing theognis, Athens, 5th c. BCE
Theognis was from Megara during 6th. BCE Born into a rich, aristocratic family. He writes poetry for symposiastic context about social tensions (kakoi v. agathoi) |
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What is Kakoi v. Agathoi about?
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It was about the bad vs the good.
Men beloning to old aristocratic families vs the new men. Increasing wealth and prosperity means wealth is no longer concentrated in select few families. Power is diffuse; predicated on numerous lines. The be powerful in a polis, there are many ways to be influential: merchants, wealth, connections, reputation |
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Where is Athens and what is its context/significance?
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Early Athens was in the middle of the 8th century and roughly 1000 square miles.
Earliest government were aristocratic and a small set of families controlled its military and judicial affairs. Early Athens founded no colonies. It was sympoliteia (act of doing politics together) During early Athens, there was a debt and bondage problem where farmers defaulted on their lands and lost everything, becoming slaves. Combining the polis and the oikos. |
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Who was Cyclon? |
He was from 632 BCE
Though he belongs to Athenian eupatridai (aristocratic class), stages a coup with a radical agenda
He wanted to support the middle class
His coup fails and he and his followers are slaughtered in a clan fued creating the Alcmaeonid curse (when Cylon and his followers fled, they went somewhere with immunity and only promised to leave if they were not killed, Alcmaeonid agreed then slaughter them, later being kicked out of Athens) |
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Who was Draco?
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He is from 621 BC
He is an aristocrat given the task of codifying the chaotic system of oral law (to put the law in writing). Institutes the death penalty for variety of minor crimes. Officially codifies the practice of debt-bondage. |
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Who was Solon?
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He was an aristocrat with a reputation for wisdom and was empowered in 594 BCE to draw up new laws that would alleviate the sufferings of the poor.
He was one of the nine sages of ancient Greece. His reforms was that in the first act, he made it illegal to secure a debt on an Athenian person's freedom, and he freed those who had already been enslaved for debt. This was called the seisachtheia ("shaking off of burdens" where Athenians' shackles of debt were removed, and as many as possible were brought back home. Solon did not band the enslavement of non-Athenians Solon also did some economic reform: 1) Bans the export of grain from Attica (lessening the effects of famine and keeping price of wheat with limited fluctuation) 2) Encourages the cultivation of olives and vines: two excellent cash crops 3) Standardization of weights and measures 4) Incentives for craftspeople |
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What is seisachtheia?
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Seisachtheia is a reform created by Solon, it was the shaking off of burdens.
It made it illegal to secure a debt on an Athenian person's freedom, and he freed those who had already been enslaved from dept. |
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Context/ Significance?
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Solon and pupils, al-Mubashshit Manuscript, AD 1200 - 1500
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Context/ Significance?
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Master and slave, Sicily, 350 - 340 BCE
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Who was Pisistratus?
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Distance relative of Solon, he seized power in a coup around 560 BCE
He was pushed out by Megacles and Lycurgus but returns in 545 BCE. He pushed through commercial expansion and public building projects, sponsored artists and religious festivals to enchance the city's and own prestige. He created a centralized government. His son's Hippias and Hipparchus attempted to maintain their father's legacy after his death in 527. |
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Who was Harmodius and Aristogeiton? |
In 514, they killed Hipparchus, the son of Pisistratus They were lovers and some believed they even were freedom fighters |
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Who is this bust of and what is his importance?
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Bust of Cleisthenes from Ohio State chambers, 20th c.
In the tense and uncertain aftermath of the tyrants' expulsion, Cleisthenes comes to power. Cleisthenes draws up a new constitution, which he calls isonomia (equality before law) but others call demokratia (power of people) He created a complicated reform where (see image) he established 10 new tribes, each composed of a third from one of Attica's three geographical divisions and constructed from "demes", village or neighborhood precincts. A new council (Boule) was formed with 500 members drawn by lot, a board of 10 elected generals (strategoi) was created an an Assembly place for the people was carved out of a hill called the Phyx. |
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What is this?
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It is a Klepsydra, a water clock.
It showed how much time you had to talk, once ran out, stop talking. |
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What is this?
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It is a voting machine, it allowed anonymous voting
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What is an Ostracism? |
Ostracon means piece of pottery
It was an assembly that could request an ostracism vote
Each citizen would write (have to write) a name on a piece of pottery If one name received a certain number of votes, that person would have 10 days to leave the city (they still own all their property and it would not be touched) for 10 years (death penalty if returned) |
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Where is Sparta and what is significant about it?
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It began to rise in the 900 BCE and looked like an ordinary settlement.
They spoke Dorian (traditions of a Dorian invasion) Spartans conquest a lot. When they had land hunger, they invaded Laconia in 9th c. and Messenia in 8th c. They did not send out colonies, they just conquered. |
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What is the Spartan Mirage like? |
Sparta known and admired as a place of order, discipline and hierarchy: contrast with anarchic Athens
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Who was Lycurgus?
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We do not know about him or where he lived.
He did have some reforms though: 1) Susistia: common mess halls, all men eat together over the age of 20 like soldiers 2) Land Redistribution: all Spartan land divided into equal parts; redistributed among citizens (equal parts to all, even the ones they conquered) 3) Pelanors: gets rid of movable valuables; introduced large iron chunks as currency to discourage commerce 4) Agoge: all boys taken from their homes at the age of 7 to be raised by the state. |
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Who was the Perioikoi? |
They lived in independent villages Paid tribute to Sparta Served in Spartan army but not part of the political process |
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Who were the Helots?
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They were state slaves, assigned to citizens to work their kleroi (portion of land); forced to surrender a fixed quantity of agricultural products but could keep rest
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What were Spartan women like?
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They were the freest in Greece.
Lycurgus' dismantling of the individual oikos makes the control and ownership over women unnecessary. Women encouraged to exercise and improve their physical health. Lax attitudes towards adultery: eugenics (all they cared about was strong babies) |
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Where is Gela and Syracuse?
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Context/Significance?
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Temple of Concordia, Akragas (colony of Gela), 6th c. BCE
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Who is Gelon?
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485 BCE, a popular uprising in Syracuse threatens local aristocracy; Gelon intervenes to save them; makes himself tyrant.
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What is the Ionian Enlightenment?
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Also known as the Greek enlightment (which had little to do with the European enlightenment and more to do with Asians).
7th-6th c. BCE: Greek poleis in Ionia (coast of Turkey) blend Mesopotamian and Babylonian thought with their own cultural and political traditions. They were generally not atheistic: the nature of Gods reimagined, but their existence is not questioned. |
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Who was Pythagoras?
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Born in Samos, off the coast of Asia Minor; flees in 531 BCE to escape its tyrant; settles in south Italy, believed in reincarnation of soul.
Believed the universe is a kosmos (ordered unity); enlightenment comes from reproducing the unity. Believe math could make the world easier. He also found Pythagorean tuning, a theory of harmony and that certain tones go well with each other. He had many followers and was a powerful political. Can be said to be in a math state. |
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Who is Hecataeus?
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500 BCE from Miletus.
Produced two important works, which survive only in small fragments: 1) A systematic account of people of the Mediterranean 2) An inquiry into genealogies, offering rational explanations of stories for stories about divine ancestors. Also recreated Anaximander's world map. |
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Who was Herodotus?
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He was a native of Halicarnassus, an Ionian city in Caria (now Bodrum, Turkey)
Probably born under Persian dominion during the Persian Wars (485 BCE) Helped found Athenian colony of Thurii in Italy in 444 BCE, where he may have died in the 420s BCE |
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What is Historie? |
It means inquiry, an investigation into the cause of things |
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What was Lydia? |
Candaules was believed to the first king (680s BCE) Croesus (560 BCE) first to compel Ionians to pay tribute; install client tyrants to control them |
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Context/Significance?
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Candaules shows his wife to Gyges, 1820.
Self contained story, Gyges killed his king and became the king of the Lydia dynasty. |
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What was the Ionian Revolt?
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Aristagores stirs up Ionian resentment in the 490s BCE and he seeks allies on the Greek mainland
While Sparta refused to send aid, the recently-created democracy in Athens enthusiastically joined the revolt, sending 20 ships. Herodotus identifies this as "the beginning of much trouble both for Greeks and barbarins" Sardis, one of the Persians' capital cities, was burned, but the revolt failed and Miletus was destroyed in 494 BCE But now Darius burned with hatred for the Athenians who had intervened on the Ionians' behalf. |
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What is the Battle of Marathon?
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Determined the punish Athens and Eretria, the two cities who had aided the Ionians in the revolt, Darius demanded "earth and water" (symbol of surrender) as tokens of submission from other Greeks in his path.
An expeditionary force was sent from Persia to destroy Eretria and then turned its sights on Attica, landing at Marathon in September 490 BCE. Sparta was asked for help but refused. According to Herodotus, Book 6, on September 490 BCE: Athenians prevail after heavy fighting. Only 192 Athenians died compared to 6400 Persians. They used a new military strategy where the Persians were lined up and the Athenians charged the Persians and pushed them back to the water. A modern marathon today is called a marathon because the distance from the battlefield to Athens is a marathon. |
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Who was Xerxes?
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Son Xerxes ascendds to the throne in Egypt after Darius dies in 486 BCE. |
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What is the author, work, date and context/importance of this passage?
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Author;work: Homer, Iliad I
Date: 8th c. BCE Context/importance: -About the memories of the bronze age. -Homer is all about the end of the bronze age with the Torjan war that believed to happened in 600 BCE |
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What is the author, work, date and context/importance of this passage?
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Author; work: George Wells Parker, The African Origin of Grecian Civilization
Date: 1917 Context/importance: -He believes that Greece owes it civilization to an African culture -He also believes that race is a social construct -Believes that some classical Greeks (or all) were Black/of African cast |
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What is the author, work, date and context/importance of this passage?
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Author; work: George Wells Parker, The African Origin of Grecian Civilization
Date: 1917 Context/importance: -He believes that Greece owes it civilization to an African culture -He also believes that race is a social construct -Believes that some classical Greeks (or all) were Black/of African cast |
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What is the author, work, date and context/importance of this passage?
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Author; Work: Hesoid, Work and Days
Date: N/A Context/Importance: -Hesiod was an oral poet -There was suggestion that they had some idea when navigation was safe -In his text, he portrays the gods are vengeful and like to be worshiped and annoyed from human sacrifices -in this poem, Hesoid portrayed the Basileis like how we portray lawyers today, Basileis not powerful enough to punish Hesoid for writing these things -the hard working farmers were portrayed as Hero's in this poem |
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What is the author, work, date and context/importance of this passage?
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Author; Work: Hesoid, Work and Days
Date: N/A Context/Importance: -Hesiod was an oral poet -There was suggestion that they had some idea when navigation was safe -In his text, he portrays the gods are vengeful and like to be worshiped and annoyed from human sacrifices -in this poem, Hesoid portrayed the Basileis like how we portray lawyers today, Basileis not powerful enough to punish Hesoid for writing these things -the hard working farmers were portrayed as Hero's in this poem |
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What is the author, work, date and context/importance of this passage?
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Author; Work: Homer, Odyssey 9
Date: 8th c. BCE Context/Importance: -It was a tale of civilization and barbarism -shows intelligence as a virtue instead of strength -Homer was believed to be an oral poet -It used a Dactlyic Hexameter which suggested these phrases to fit a metrical pattern, which means these were composed/sung/performed |
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What is the author, work, date and context/importance of this passage?
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Author; Work: Homer, Odyssey 9
Date: 8th c. BCE Context/Importance: -It was a tale of civilization and barbarism -shows intelligence as a virtue instead of strength -Homer was believed to be an oral poet -It used a Dactlyic Hexameter which suggested these phrases to fit a metrical pattern, which means these were composed/sung/performed |
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What is the author, work, date and context/importance of this passage?
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Author; Work: Hesoid, Work and Days
Date: N/A Context/Importance: -Hesiod was an oral poet -There was suggestion that they had some idea when navigation was safe -In his text, he portrays the gods are vengeful and like to be worshiped and annoyed from human sacrifices -in this poem, Hesoid portrayed the Basileis like how we portray lawyers today, Basileis not powerful enough to punish Hesoid for writing these things -the hard working farmers were portrayed as Hero's in this poem |
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What is the author, work, date and context/importance of this passage?
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Author; Work: Archilochus, Encounter in a Meadow
Date: 680 - 645 BCE Context/importance: -wrote about a possible rape scene of Neobule's younger siste |
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What is the author, work, date and context/importance of this passage?
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Author: Callinus
Date: N/A Context/importance: -wrote elgaic poetry -found pride in a man defending what he claim as his property and loved ones -Gain honour but not by the best but rather by standing up for your country, children, and wedded wife |
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What is the author, work, date and context/importance of this passage?
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Author; Work: Tyrtaeus
Date: N/A Context/Importance: -he was a Spartan poet that wrote elegaic couplets -poem was about that to be at the head of an oikos, embedded in a polis, is a key component of elite self-worth -he writes about a new unique brand of heroism where sticking together is heroic |
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What is the author, work, date and context/importance of this passage?
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Author; Work: Tyrtaeus
Date: N/A Context/Importance: -he was a Spartan poet that wrote elegaic couplets -poem was about that to be at the head of an oikos, embedded in a polis, is a key component of elite self-worth -he writes about a new unique brand of heroism where sticking together is heroic |
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What is the author, work, date and context/importance of this passage?
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Author; Date: Sappho
Date: N/A Context/importance: -Sappho was one of the 9 canonical lyric poets -She wrote epithalamia (wedding songs) -she gives sympathetic treatment to women |
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What is the author, work, date and context/importance of this passage?
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Author; Work: Sappho
Date: N/A Context/importance: -Sappho was one of the 9 canonical lyric poets -She wrote epithalamia (wedding songs) -she gives sympathetic treatment to women |
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What is the author, work, date and context/importance of this passage?
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Author; Work: Alcaeus, Political Songs
Date: 590 - 580 BCE Context/importance: -wrote while in exile -not happy about exile |
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What is the author, work, date and context/importance of this passage?
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Author; Work: Alcaeus, Political Songs
Date: 590 - 580 BCE Context/importance: -wrote while in exile -not happy about exile |
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What is the author, work, date and context/importance of this passage?
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Author; Work: Alcaeus, Political Songs
Date: 590 - 580 BCE Context/importance: -wrote while in exile -not happy about exile |
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What is the author, work, date and context/importance of this passage?
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Author; Work: Theognis
Date: 6th c. BCE Context/Importance: -about social tension -wrote about expansion of commerce and people who were not part of the inner circle of the polis -wrote how people are aren’t fit for government and aren’t bound by owes, law and personal connection which will eventually bring upon a Tyrant |
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What is the author, work, date and context/importance of this passage?
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Author; Work: Theognis
Date: 6th c. BCE Context/Importance: -about social tension -wrote about expansion of commerce and people who were not part of the inner circle of the polis -wrote how people are aren’t fit for government and aren’t bound by owes, law and personal connection which will eventually bring upon a Tyrant |
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What is the author, work, date and context/importance of this passage? |
Author; Work: Solon |
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What was unique about the Persian forces during the Persian Invasion of 480 BCE? |
There was an army on land and a fleet on sea accompanying them. |
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Describe what happened in releation to Greek poleis during the Persian Invasion of 480 BCE? |
October 481 BCE: Xerxes' envoys demand submission of Greek poleis and the Delphic oracle advises the Greeks to submit (and may do).
In November: Sparta puts out a call for Greeks to resist; 31 poleis respond, including Athens, and meet in Gelon. Gelon will only offer a force but only if it can lead which the allies refused. |
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What is the Battle of Thermopylae? |
King Leonidas of Sparta led a small force of Spartans and allies to a mountain pass to defend it against the hordes of Persian troops (~250 000 tropps).
There was an oracle that said either Sparta would fall or a king would die.
Thermopylae was also called the gates of fire. It was a good place to defend as they had tall mountains on one side and a sea on the other
The 300 Spartans who fought died in this battle. There were also 700 Thespians, 400 Thebans and unnumbered Spartan helots.
"Go tell the Spartans, thou that passeth by, That here, obedient to their words, we lie" |
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Who was Ephialtes in relation to the Battle of Thermopylae? |
He was a traitor who shoed the Persian the way through the mountains. |
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What is the Battle of Salamis? |
Persians destroyed Athens, with the Athenien men watching in their ships.
Xerxes' ships engaged with the Athenians under Thistocles in the narrow strait of Salamis. Failed due to Athenians utlizie the bottleneck of the Salamis to their advantage dispite being outnumbered. |
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What is the Battle of Plataea? |
Happened in 479 BCE
United Greek army defeats the Persians near Plataea in Boeotia, killing their commander Mardonius.
Aristodemus, a survivor of Thermopylae died here. |
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What is the Battle of Mycale? |
Greek from Samos inform Greek fleet that Ionia is ready to revolt.
Fleet sails to Mycale, near Samos, and traps Persian fleet on land.
Combined Athenian and Ionian forces defeat Persians, supposedly on the same day as the battle of Platea; free Ionia. |
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Where is Marathon? |
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Where is Thermocylae? |
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Where is Myacle? |
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What were the 3 states that Sicily were divided up into? |
Greek city states with multicity tyrants
Carthage (under Pheonician influence) on the West
Mittle and Native Sicily tribes |
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Who were the Carthage? |
Almost no Carthagian historical records survive thanks to Romans.
Only hostile sources describe their society.
They had an Oligarchic government with vast trade roots and depends on trade (a thalassocracy) |
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What is the Battle of Himera? |
Took place around 480 BCE
Carthaginians under Hamiclar invade Sicily, beseige Himera
Galon comes to Himera's aid with a alrge force
Destroys the Carthagian army through trickery (disguisedtheir soldiers and the reinforcements and went right in through the gates); receives vast payment to leave western Sicily alone |
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When did Galon die?
Who took over and what did he do? |
Galon died in 478 BCE.
His brother Hiero took over in Syracuse and makes peace with the Carthaginians but wages war against the Etruscans in Italy; defeating them at Cumae in 474 BCE. |
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What is Orientalism? |
By Cf. Edward's Orientalism in 1978
Refers to the idea that Eastern civilizations (oriental) are static, backwards, steeped in luxury and effeminacy, and inherently inferior to 'Western' civilizations. |
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What is koros? |
Surfiet; an abundance of wealth/power
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What is phthonos? |
Envy of gods
Bringing yourself up to the gods |
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What is ate? |
Madness sent by gods
Leaves to believe you can act of hybris |
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What is hybris? |
Men stepping beyond their bounds to commit acts of extreme violence
Leads to nemesis |
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what is nemesis? |
The retribution of the gods
You get whats coming to you |
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How does Herodotus define Greekness? |
"One in blood and one in language, those shrines of the gods belong to us all in common, and the sacrifices in common, and there are our habits, bred of a common upbringing" |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of this? |
Name: A Greek and a Persian, Attic Red figure
Date: 5th c. BCE
Relevance/Significance: The Persians were always portrayed in a one piece by the Greeks in a teasing/insulting way. |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Themistocles? |
Date: Prelude to the Persian war
Relevance/Significance: Themistocles was an influential Athenian who urges his fellow citizens to take action and prepare for war. With the surplus of silver in the treasury, he insisted it be used to build ships. |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Leonidas? |
Date: Died 480 BCE
Relevance/Significance: He was the King of Sparta. He led a small force of Spartans and allies to a mountain pass in northern Greece to the Battle of Thermmopylae where he died. He may have sacrificed himself because an oracle said that either Sparta would fall or a king would die. This battle is what inspired the movie 300 (PS Dat' movie ؟O_O?) |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Thermopylae? |
Date: 480 BCE
Relevance/Significance: King Leonidas of Sparta led a small force of Spartans and allies to a mountain pass to defend it against the hordes of Persian troops (~250 000 tropps).
There was an oracle that said either Sparta would fall or a king would die.
Thermopylae was also called the gates of fire. It was a good place to defend as they had tall mountains on one side and a sea on the other
The 300 Spartans who fought died in this battle. There were also 700 Thespians, 400 Thebans and unnumbered Spartan helots.
"Go tell the Spartans, thou that passeth by, That here, obedient to their words, we lie" |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Salamis? |
Date: 480 BCE
Relevance/Significance: Persians destroyed Athens, with the Athenien men watching in their ships
Xerxes' ships engaged with the Athenians under Thistocles in the narrow strait of Salamis. Failed due to Athenians utlizie the bottleneck of the Salamis to their advantage dispite being outnumbered |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Plataea? |
Date: 479 BCE
Relevance/Significance: United Greek army defeats the Persians near Plataea in Boeotia, killing their commander Mardonius.
Aristodemus, a survivor of Thermopylae died here. |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Mycale? |
Date: 479 BCE
Relevance/Significance: Greek from Samos inform Greek fleet that Ionia is ready to revolt.
Fleet sails to Mycale, near Samos, and traps Persian fleet on land.
Combined Athenian and Ionian forces defeat Persians, supposedly on the same day as the battle of Platea; free Ionia. |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Himera?
|
Date: 480 BCE
Relevance/Significance: Carthaginians under Hamiclar invade Sicily, beseige Himera Galon comes to Himera's aid with a large force Destroys the Carthagian army through trickery (disguisedtheir soldiers and the reinforcements and went right in through the gates); receives vast payment to leave western Sicily alone |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Medizing? |
Date: N/A
Relevance/Significance: Medizing is the sympathizing with the Persians
Pausanius and Themistocles were acused of it but they were not a lot due to Persians had provided security and stability. |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Orientalism? |
Author: Cf. Edwards
Date: 1978
Relevance/Significance: Refers to the idea that Eastern civilizations (oriental) are static, backwards, steeped in luxury and effeminacy, and inherently inferior to 'Western' civilizations. |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Koros, phthonos, ate, nemesis? |
Date: N/A
Relevance/Significance: It was a Herodotean morality, or maybe Herodotus orientalist
Koros: Surfiet; an abundance of wealth/power
Phthonos: envy of gods; bringing yoursel fup to the gods
Ate: madness sent by the gods; leaves to believe you can act of hybris
Nemesis: retribution of gods; you get whats coming to you |
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Provide the author, date and explain the significance of this particular text:
"penteconters and triremes were lashed together to support the bridges - 360 vessels for the one on the Black Sea side, and 314 for the other. They were moored slantwise to the Black Sea and at right angles to the Hellespont, in order to lessen the strain on the cables. Specially heavy anchors were laid out both upstream and downstream - those to the eastward to hold the vessels against winds blowing down the straits from the direction of the Black Sea, those on the other side, to the westward and towards the Aegean, to take the strain when it blew from the west and south. Gaps were left in three places to allow any boats that might wish to do so to pass in or out of the Black Sea" |
Author: Herotodus
Publication date: 440 BCE
Significance: -From book 7.33-7.58 -Herotodus tells his historical story (from view of others) of what happened during the Persian war -this was the method the bridge was built across the Hellespont from Asia to europe |
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Provide the author, date and explain the significance of this particular text:
"Xerxes laughed. 'Demaratus,' he exclaimed, 'what an extraordinary thing to say! Do you reeally suppose a thousand men would fight an army like mine? Now tell me, would you who were once, as you say, king of these peple, be willing at this moment to fight ten men single-handed? And yet, if things in Sparta are really as you have described them, then, according to your laws, you as king ought to take on a double share - so that if every Spartan is a match for ten men of mine, I should expect you to be a match for twenty. Only in that wa you can prove the truth of your claim." |
Author: Herotodus
Publication date: 440 BCE
Significance: -From book 7.33-7.58 -Herotodus tells his historical story (from view of others) of what happened during the Persian war -this was a conversation between Xerxes and Demaratus where Demartus claimed that one Spartan can take ten Persians |
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Provide the author, date and explain the significance of this particular text:
"'the advice you give us does not spring from a full knowledge of the situation. You know one half of what is involved, but not the other half. You understand well enough what slavery is, but freedom you have never experienced, so you do not know if it tastes sweet or bitter. If you ever did come to experience it, you would advise us to fight for it not with spears only, but with axes too.'" |
Author: Herotodus
Publication date: 440 BCE
Significance: -From book 7.33-7.58 -Herotodus tells his historical story (from view of others) of what happened during the Persian war |
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How can you distingush what is from Herotodus 7.33-7.58 |
Look for terms that can relate to the Persian war. Also look for names such as Xerxes, Demaratus and mentions of Spartans/Persians.
Written in book format |
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What was the problem with Attica by 500 BCE? |
Population was over 150000 people and no longer could support iself; started to import grains from the Black Sea |
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What is the Delian League? |
477 BCE Athens and allies meet on the island of Delos, where Aristides presents a new plan for containing the Persian threat.
Permanent fleet too expensive for any one city-state: but an alliance could support it
Big poleis would contribute men and ships; small ones money
Athens would be the head polis |
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What is the Athenian tribute list? |
A record on a stone tablet with the amount of each polis contribution |
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Who was Cimon? |
He was an aristocratic, pro-Spartan (names his son Lakeaedomonios)
He wanted to share the burden of the empire with the Spartans. He wanted Spartans as allies and was later exiled himself.
Themistocles was a natural choice to lead the fleet, but he was ostracized on the suspicion of seeking tyranny; later, of plotting with the Persians
Cimon storms the remaining Persian bases in Aegean harasses non-compliant poleis into paying tribute to the league, turning the allience into something less voluntary |
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What is the Cold War between Sparta and Athens? |
In 465 BCE, Sparta and Athens become rivals. Sparta prepares to invade in 465 BCE after Athens threatens to besiege Thasos over an economic dispute
An earthquake in 464 BCE, combined with a helot revolt forces them to ask Athens for help instead.
Pro-Spartan Cimon, opposed by anti-Spartan Ephialtes supports the Spartans. |
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What is Radical Democracy? |
Cimon ostracized after Sparta rebuffs an Athenian force sent in its aid
Ephialtes introduces final round of reforms to the Athenian constitution, moving powers from the Areopagus (council of ex-Archons), to the assembly
Areopagus carried a lot of power to the assembly. |
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What is an Ecclesia? |
An assembly who voted on laws, appointed the magistrates, controlled finances, made decisions concerning war and peace, controlled treaties |
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What is the Boule?
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Council of 500 who studied and drafted laws as well as the leadership of the Boule changed everyday.
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What is the magistrates? |
It was 9 archons who were the leaders, the highest magistrates. |
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Who was the Strategoi? |
10 people who were the generals who went out and waged wars. |
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Who was Pericles? |
He was a populist, an anti-Spartan leader (belong to Ephialtes' party)
Became undisputed leader of the democratic party after his death.
Inaugurates an era of peace and prosperity after foiling the Spartans in Euboea in 446 BCE
Pericles later assumes his mantle, becomes effective ruler of Athens.
With him in charge Persia signs the Peace of Callias in 451 BCE, officialy ending the Persian Wars.
Pericles also stops the Sparta's plots to seize Euboea from Athens after a Euboean revolt.
He also created the roots of a bureaucracy. |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of this? |
Title: Roman Copy of a Greek Bust of Pericles
Date: 5th century BCE
Relevance/Significance: Pericles was a populist, an anti-Spartan leader (belong to Ephialtes' party)
Became undisputed leader of the democratic party after his death.
Inaugurates an era of peace and prosperity after foiling the Spartans in Euboea in 446 BCE
Pericles later assumes his mantle, becomes effective ruler of Athens.
With him in charge Persia signs the Peace of Callias in 451 BCE, officialy ending the Persian Wars.
Pericles also stops the Sparta's plots to seize Euboea from Athens after a Euboean revolt.
He also created the roots of a bureaucracy. |
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What happened if a city revolted in the Athenian Empire? |
Athens would take direct control; all lawsuits would be tried in Athens; all subject poleis would use Athenian weights and measures; all matters of foreign policy would be decided by the Athenians.
It would become a puppet state |
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Where was the treasrury of the Delian league moved to and when? |
From Delos to the Acropolis of Athens in 454 BCE |
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What is the Pericles Building Program? |
Construction begins on a new Acropolis in 449 BCE
Make-work project, and a symbolic statement of athen's ascendency and imperial power
Centrepiece a new temple to Athena, where the Panathenaic procession would end
Decorated by Phidias, a famous sculptor, with Panathenaic scenes
It was a symbolic statement of Athen's ascendency and imperial power |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of this? |
Title: Phidias shows off the Parthenon Frize to Pericles, Alcibiades, and Aspasia
Date: 1868
Relevance/Significance: Shows off the sculptures in the Parthenon's |
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What happened to the Parthenon's dring 5th century BCE and 5th century CE? |
Late Antiquity
Suffered extreme damage in fire; closed down in 5th century by decree of Christian emperor |
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What happened to the Parthenon's dring 5th century CE and 15th century CE? |
Christian period
Converted into a church in 6th century Becomes a mjor site of pilgrimage Turned into a catholic church under the 'Latin occupation' in the 13th century |
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What happened to the Parthenon's dring 15th century CE and 19th century CE? |
Ottoman period
Used as a mosque; later, as a gunpowder magazine; suffers extreme damage in an explosion in the 17th century |
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What happened to the Parthenon's dring 19th century CE and 21th century CE? |
Greek independence
Medieval buildings removed; becomes a historical precinct, a tourist attraction |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of this? |
Title: The Parthenon as a military fortress
Date: 17 century
Relevance/Significance: The destruction of the Parthenon during the time the Ottoman used it as a place to store gunpowder |
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Who was Lord Elgin? |
Thomas Bruce (1766 - 1841) was a British lord and diplomat
Served as ambassador to the Ottoman empire from 1799 - 1803 in a period of extreme internation tension
Responsible for removing almost half of the sculture from the remains of the Parthenon |
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What is the Elgin Marbles? |
Also known as the Parthenon Marbles
In 1801, Elgin (allegedly) receives firman from Ottoman sultan, empowering him to take plaster moulds of sculptures and 'to take away any pieces of stone with old inscriptions or figures thereon'
Usng a mixture of political pressure and bribery, he convinces the lcoal authorities to let him remove significant portions of the frieze and sculptural decoration
British government eventually buys the marbles, and places them in the British Museum |
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What is the UNESCO? |
Its efforts in the 70s was to stem the tide of illict antiquites, and the looting their exchange fuelled
Strict new regulations put into place
If a museum can prove it acquired objects prior to 1970, it is under no legal obligation to return them (moral obligations remain, however)
It is a branch of the UN purposed to hold cultures (but fails a lot like the UN duh) |
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What is Greek Tragedy? |
Origins in Dionysiac (which means God of win, drama) ritual celebrations
Tragos + odos = Goat + song
Only one time of year to watch performances and entertainment was during the celebrations which was at the end of March: beginning of sailing season
In the stage, the important people would sit in front, center was known as the orchestra or dancing pit and behind was a scana/back stage
Plays were staged by rich Athenians, who were chosen as patrons (liturgists) to pay for the expenses
Performed in trilogies, with a satyr play attached
Prizes award for the best play
Content of tragic plays is almost always mythological, but it dramatizes the social and political tensions of contemporary Athens |
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Who was Aeschylus? |
525 - 455 BCE
First great tragedian; writes deep metaphysical plays; renewed for his heavy, old-fashioned style.
The Persians, The Oresteia, Seven Against Thebes |
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Who was Sophocles? |
497 - 406 BCE
Perhaps the most popular tragedian; develops tragedy into its most recognizable form by introducing a third actor, diminshing the role of the chorus; introduces more psychological depth
Antigone, Oedipus Rex, Ajax |
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Who is Euripides? |
480 - 406 BCE
The most modern, sophisticated tragetdian; renowned for his strong female characters, his portrayal of everyday life; the least interested in the divine.
The Bacchae, Electra, Hippolytus |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of this? |
Title: Skidmore College production of Sophocles' Ajax
Date: 2012
Relevance/Significance: Modern day adaptation of Sophocles' Ajax |
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What is Reception Theory? |
Every text/work of art/historical tradition is 'received' by its audience
The larger the gulf in time or culture between an audience and the original context of creation, the more dynamic this process of reception is
Reception can be highly politicized: often bound up in ownership over the past
Related to deterritorialization and reterritorization |
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Who was Wole Soyinka? |
He was from Nigeria
Wrote an Africanized adaptation of the Bacchae |
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Who is J.P. Clark |
He was from Nigeria
'Song of a Goat', drawing on the conventions of Greek tragedy |
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Who was Guy Butler? |
He was from South Africa
'Demea' an anti-Apartheid version of Medea |
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Who was Sylvain Bemba? |
He was from Cong-Brazzaville
'Noces posthumes de Santigone' an adaptation of the Antigone |
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What is the relation between South Africa and Apartheid? |
South Africa was under the Apartheid
1948 - 1994 A system of racial segregation designed to oppress the majority black population of South Africa
Population classifed as white, coloured, Indian or black: differential economic, political and legal rights
Black South Africans displaced from their homes made to live in so-called Bantustans
There was a ristance to the Apartheid
Frequent protests, sometimes violent, against pass laws teaching Afrikaans in schools
Pass laws require non-whites to carry ID in white areas: means of enforcing segregation
ANC (Mandela's part) and IFP: rivals in resistance |
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What is significant of Antigone? |
Sophocles, first performed in 441 BCE
A simple story: Antigone wants to buy her brother; Creon, the repsentative of the state will not premit it; she does it anyway and is buried alive |
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What is significant of The Island? |
Product of collaborative work between Athol Fugard and two origin actors, John Kani and Winston Ntshona
first perfomed in South Africa in 1973 during one of the most repressive periods in the history of Apartheid
A true story: a political prisoner and a friend of playwrights actually put on a performance of the Antigone in jail |
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What is Robben Island? |
Notorious jail off the coast of Cape Town, which held many of the most important leaders of the resistance, including Nelson Mandela
Rather than executing political prisoners, the Apartheid government preferred to lock them up for life
Mandela was there from 1964-1982 and was freed in 1990 |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of the Delian League? |
Date: 477 BCE
Relevance/Significance: Athens and allies meet on the island of Delos, where Aristides presents a new plan for containing the Persian threat.
Permanent fleet too expensive for any one city-state: but an alliance could support it
Big poleis would contribute men and ships; small ones money
Athens would be the head polis |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Athenian tribute lists? |
Date: Around 477 BCE
Relevance/Significance: A record on a stone tablet with the amount of each polis contribution |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Cimon? |
Date: 477 - 464 BCE
Relevance/ Significance: He was an aristocratic, pro-Spartan (names his son Lakeaedomonios)
He wanted to share the burden of the empire with the Spartans. He wanted Spartans as allies and was later exiled himself.
Themistocles was a natural choice to lead the fleet, but he was ostracized on the suspicion of seeking tyranny; later, of plotting with the Persians
Cimon storms the remaining Persian bases in Aegean harasses non-compliant poleis into paying tribute to the league, turning the allience into something less voluntary |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Ephialtes? |
Date: Around same time as Cimon, 477 - 464 BCE
Relevance/Significance: Ephialtes introduces final round of reforms to the Athenian constitution, moving powers from the Areopagus (council of ex-Archons), to the assembly |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Pericles? |
Date: 451- 446 BCE
Relevance/Significance: He was a populist, an anti-Spartan leader (belong to Ephialtes' party)
Became undisputed leader of the democratic party after his death.
Inaugurates an era of peace and prosperity after foiling the Spartans in Euboea in 446 BCE
Pericles later assumes his mantle, becomes effective ruler of Athens.
With him in charge Persia signs the Peace of Callias in 451 BCE, officialy ending the Persian Wars.
Pericles also stops the Sparta's plots to seize Euboea from Athens after a Euboean revolt.
He also created the roots of a bureaucracy. |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of The Acropolis? |
Date: 449 BCe
Part of Pericles building program
Construction begins on a new Acropolis in 449 BCE
Make-work project, and a symbolic statement of athen's ascendency and imperial power
Centrepiece a new temple to Athena, where the Panathenaic procession would end
Decorated by Phidias, a famous sculptor, with Panathenaic scenes
It was a symbolic statement of Athen's ascendency and imperial power |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of the Elgin Marbles? |
Date: Moved in 1801
Relevance/Significance: Also known as the Parthenon Marbles
In 1801, Elgin (allegedly) receives firman from Ottoman sultan, empowering him to take plaster moulds of sculptures and 'to take away any pieces of stone with old inscriptions or figures thereon'
Usng a mixture of political pressure and bribery, he convinces the lcoal authorities to let him remove significant portions of the frieze and sculptural decoration
British government eventually buys the marbles, and places them in the British Museum |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of UNESCO? |
Date: 1970
Relevance/Significance: Its efforts in the 70s was to stem the tide of illict antiquites, and the looting their exchange fuelled
Strict new regulations put into place
If a museum can prove it acquired objects prior to 1970, it is under no legal obligation to return them (moral obligations remain, however)
It is a branch of the UN purposed to hold cultures (but fails a lot like the UN duh) |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Greek Tragedy? |
Date: 525 BCE first successful one
Relevance/Significance: Origins in Dionysiac (which means God of win, drama) ritual celebrations
Tragos + odos = Goat + song
Only one time of year to watch performances and entertainment was during the celebrations which was at the end of March: beginning of sailing season
In the stage, the important people would sit in front, center was known as the orchestra or dancing pit and behind was a scana/back stage
Plays were staged by rich Athenians, who were chosen as patrons (liturgists) to pay for the expenses
Performed in trilogies, with a satyr play attached
Prizes award for the best play
Content of tragic plays is almost always mythological, but it dramatizes the social and political tensions of contemporary Athens |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of City Dionysia? |
Relevance/Signifiance: Means God of wine, drama
Had ritual celebrations at the end of March: beginning of sailing season which is where Greek tragedy started and would be performed once a year |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Reception Theory? |
Date: N/A
Relevance/Signifiance:Every text/work of art/historical tradition is 'received' by its audience
The larger the gulf in time or culture between an audience and the original context of creation, the more dynamic this process of reception is
Reception can be highly politicized: often bound up in ownership over the past
Related to deterritorialization and reterritorization |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Antigone? |
Date: 441 BCE
Relevance/Signifiance: Sophocles, first performed in 441 BCE
A simple story: Antigone wants to buy her brother; Creon, the repsentative of the state will not premit it; she does it anyway and is buried alive |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Sophocles? |
Date: 497 - 406 BCE
Relevance/Signifiance: Perhaps the most popular tragedian; develops tragedy into its most recognizable form by introducing a third actor, diminshing the role of the chorus; introduces more psychological depth
Antigone, Oedipus Rex, Ajax |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of the Problem of the Second Burial? |
Date: 441 BCE
Relevance/Signifiance: Having poured dust over her brother, Antigone has freed his spirit to go to the underworld
Questions lie of why does she go back and do it again?
Did she forget the libations? Was it simply a tragic obsession?
Is Antigone an over-pious sister, or a political activst? What is she wants to get caught? |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of the Island? |
Date: 1973
Relevance/Significance: Product of collaborative work between Athol Fugard and two origin actors, John Kani and Winston Ntshona
first perfomed in South Africa in 1973 during one of the most repressive periods in the history of Apartheid
A true story: a political prisoner and a friend of playwrights actually put on a performance of the Antigone in jail |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Lord Elgin? |
Date: 1766 - 1841
Relevance/Signifiance: Thomas Bruce (Lord Elgin) was a British lord and diplomat
Served as ambassador to the Ottoman empire from 1799 - 1803 in a period of extreme internation tension
Responsible for removing almost half of the sculture from the remains of the Parthenon |
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How can you distingush what is from Antigone and who is author/date? |
Author: Sophocles
Date: 441 BCE
It is in play format
It has the characters Antigone, Ismene, Creon, Eurydice, Haemon, Teiresias, Boy, Guard, Messenger, Chorus, Attendants
It is about the burial of Aitnogone brother and the questioning of those in charge. Old style writing and view on women in time. |
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How can you distingush what is from Antigone and who is author/date? |
Date: 1973
Author: Athol Fugard
It is in play format
Has two characters, John and Winston, one injuried eye and other leg. They are in aprison and talk frequently about freedom and Winstons reluctance to wear a dress and John new freedom. They are disucissing to do a play of Antigone. |
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Who is Thucydides? |
Born 460-455 and died in 400 BCE
Was an Athenian citizen
From a wealthy family with connections in Thrace, probably related to Cimon
Suffered from the plague in the war
424 BCE: Failed as an Athenian general to stop Spartans from taking Amphipolis and banished from Athens for 20 years
He wrote his own histories os the Poeloponnesian War (a war between city states)
an eyewitness account: where Thucydides wasn't present himself, he rlies on those who were
No supernatural elements; no tall tales no ehtnography: this iis the possible birth of modern history
Trails off mysteriously but picked up by Xenophon |
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What is the First Peloponnesian War? |
460 - 445 BCE
Cold war tension: full of skirmishes and proxy wars Boeotia and Megara come under attack, but Athens holds on to them marks the height of Athens' power |
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What is the Second Peloponnesian War? |
431 - 404 BCE
Full scale war, encompassing the entire Greek world disastrous consequences; brutal fighting, many massacres; Spartan victory |
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What is the Archidamian War? |
431 - 421 BCE
Part of Second Peloponnesian War
Named after Spartan king Archidamus III; victories for both sides (stale mate)
War breaks out in 431 BCE over a conflict between Corinth and colonies
Activates a long string of alliances, dividing the Aegean in two
All the major Greek city-states were lined up on one side or the other
Pericles' Strategy was that to build a Long Walls that linked Athens to its port at Piraeus as Athens had the naval superiority. Athenian farmers would retreat to the city and in the meantime, Athens would import food by ship and it was hoped the Spartans would tire of ravaging the countryside around Athens |
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What is the Peace of Nicias?
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421 - 414 BCE
Part of Second Peloponnesian War A '50-year' peace which lasted only five The treaty meant and aided for: -Spatan hostages returned -Amphipolis restored to athens (this is sabotaged by diplomatic intrigue) -Athens to help Sparta in the event of a helot revolt -Temples throught Greece open to all by 418 BCE, large scale fighting had already broken out again in Greece, culminating in the battle of Mantinea, a victory for Sprta |
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What is Sicilian Expedition? |
415 - 413 BCE
Part of Second Peloponessian War
Disastrous Athenian expedition to Sicily |
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What is Final Campight? |
415 - 413 BCE
Part of Second Peloponnesian War
Athenians run down; Persia reenters the Aegean Athens defeated
Spartans sent diplomats to Persian to enter the war |
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What is the Athenian Plague? |
In 430 BCE, an overcrowded city leads to a severe plague. City was not a sanitary place
Up to two thirds of the Athenians killed, including Pericles
Thucydides himself caught the disease but survived
This was the end of the 'Golden Age' for Athens
According to Thucydides, the plague originated in Africa
He gave detailed descriptions of the symptoms
This plague caused the Spartans to retreast in fear that they would catch it |
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Who is Cleon? |
After Pericles' death in 430 BCE, the demagogue Cleon rises to power
Encourages Athens to pursue a more aggressive policy, leading to numerous battles
Used false lawsuits to challenge his enemies
A powerful, but controversial figure |
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What is Pylos? |
As part of Athens' new strategy, the general Demosthenes establishes a fortified post on Pylos
Fear of helot revolt prompts Spartans to march against Pylos
Demosthenes traps the Spartans on the nearby island of Sphacteria in 425 BCE |
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Where is Pylos? |
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What is Sphacteria? |
The place that Demosthenes traps the Spartans in 425 BCE
Spartans sue for peace; Cleon argues successfully to reject proposal
Sailts to Sphacteria with reinforcements; wins a great victory
Hundres of Spartans surrender (this had never happened before)
Spartans ran to the fort and because they were bottlenecked which caused them to surrender |
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What is Amphipolis? |
In 424 BCE, Spartans under Brasidas attack Amphipolis, a key source of Athenian gold, silver, and timber
Thucydides summoned to recapture Amphipolis, but arrives too late and is banshied for his failure
Brasidas: unites Spartan bravery with rhetorical flair, and strategic brilliance |
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Where is Amphipolis? |
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Who is Alcibiades? |
450 - 404 BCE: a volatile, charismatic politicna; picks up where Cleon left off
Pro-war; angry that the peace of Nicias had been negotiated without him
Argues for a grandAthenian expedition to Sicily in spite of the objections of his conservative foe, Nicias |
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What is the Sicilian Expedition? |
In 415 BCE, athens receives word that one of its (Ionian) allies is udner attack from (Dorian) Syracuse
Alcibiades argues that Athens should respond in force, with visions of conquering the whole of Sicily
Using Sicily as a base, Athens could bring the war with Sparta to a swift conflucsion
On the eve of the departure of Athens' fleet, Alcibiades was implicated in an egregious religoius scandal - the "mutiliation of the herms" and mocking the Eleusinian Mysteries (not a good omen and a very bad sign which was a serious crime)
134 triremes sailed away with 25000 men aboard - almost none would return |
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What are the Herms? |
Sacred to the messenger god Hermes, were used as milestones and boundary markers in Attica and were throught to bring good luck
When many of them were mutilated just before the departure of the fleet for Syracuse, it was seen as very bad sign
Recalled to Athens to face trail, Alcibiades jumped ship and fled to Sparta to avoid prosecution |
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What was the problem with Alcibiades and the Spartans? |
Alcibiades allegedly has an affair with Spartan king's wife: her child, Leotychides, is thought to belong to Alcibiades
Retirement of Enduis, an ephor on good terms with him, further reduce shis influence
Spartans dispatch orders to have him executed, but he jumps ship and defects to Persians (where he causes much more trouble for the Spartan cause) |
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What did Alcibiades do in 411 BCE? |
An oligarchic coup takes place in Athens
The fleet on Samos refuses to acknowledge the new government, recalls Alcibiades to lead it
in 410 BCE, Alcibiades persuades the Athenian fleet to engage the Spartans at Cyzicus; wins great victory
A string of small Athenian victories follow, prolonging the war |
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What is Pericles' Funeral Oration? |
Delieved in 431 - 430 BCE, at the end of the first year of war with the Spartans
Recorded by Thucydides in his histories but probably not a transcript
Becomes a famous statement of Athenian identity, and a noted example of rhetorical mastery |
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What is an Epitaphioi Logoi? |
Funeral speeches given to honour the dead
Possibly instituted by Solon, or maybe after the Persian war as a way of honouring war dead
An essential part of funeral ceremony
Public oratory |
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What impact did the Peloponnesian War have on women, slaves and foreigners? |
Women, slaves and other marginalized populations were affected by fighting, but had little stake in its outcome
History of Greece too often is simply the history of freeborn male citizens, but these constituted a small minority of the population |
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Who is Lysias? |
445 - 380 BCE
Son of Cephalus, a Syracusan who settled in Athens under Pericles
A metic (foreiger), but classifed as an isotelis (a foreigner who payed taxes at the citizen rate)
His brother was killed unde rthe thiry tyrants; he flees to Megara
Returns to Athens after the restoration of democracy; becomes a 'logographer' |
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What is a metics? |
From meta + oikos = to change one's oikos
Athens was home to a number of foreign 'nationals', unlike most other poleis (Sparta had special laws forbidding them to stay in most cases)
Subject to military service, special axes
Responsible for most industry and artisinal production in Athens
Could not vote, or act as jurymen, but could make use of the courts |
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What was the Athenian Law Courts like? |
Various courts for various crimes
No judges, or lawyers
Varying number of jurymen (from 200 to 6000 in one documented case), chosen by lot but given small per diem
No representation: everyone speaks for themselves, within certain time limits
Witnesses; evidence; vote |
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What is a logographer? |
Logos + graphos = speechwriters
Athenians were not allowed to have others represent them in trial
Instead, they could hire someone to write their speech for them
In the litigous age following the Peloponnesian War, some of these logoraphers become famous, including Lysias,Demosthenes, Isocrates and others |
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What was Euphiletos' Strategy when on trial? |
Rather than denying the crime, Euphiletos admits freely to it
Instead, he tries to portray his actions as right and lawful
"Eratosthenes had an intrigue with my wife, and not only corrupted her but inflicted disgrace upon my children and an outrage [hubris] on myself by entering my house"
His wife's name was never named in the entire speech
Narration begins with Euphiletos' marraige
He describes in wife in the early days as beautiful and perfect and not currupted by the man, like the bee wife
He uses the fact that his wife was exposed to curruption when his mother died and she was allowed ouside.
He speaks of an old women who approaches him in the market and tells him about Eratosthenes and treatens her with tortue to extract the truth (tortue was seen as the ultimate way to find the truth)
When he described the murder of Eratosthenes, he claimed that a female slave woke him up telling him the Eratosthenes has entered the house and he exits the house, gathers a mob and find Eratosthenes and kills him. Claiming this was worse than rape as one of this offspring could actually have been Eratosthenes instead of his. |
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Provide the author, date and explain the significance of this particular text:
"Eratosthenes had an intrigue with my wife, and not only corrupted her but inflicted disgrace upon my children and an outrage [hubris] on myself by entering my house" |
Author: Lysias I
Title: On the Murder of Eratosthenes
Date: ~404 - 390 BCE
Relevance/Significance: Euphiletos is being tried on court for killing the man who slept with his wife. It was a unique strategy as he claimed his actions were right and lawful by having hubris on him by the man and corrupting his wife as his wife wasonce a bee wife, perfect wife. He uses the fact that his wife was exposed to curruption when his mother died and she was allowed ouside. He speaks of an old women who approaches him in the market and tells him about Eratosthenes and treatens her with tortue to extract the truth (tortue was seen as the ultimate way to find the truth) |
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What is Hubris? |
Outrage
Herodotus = setting oneself higher than the Gods
In Athens, hubris is an actual crime; punishment is death |
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Provide the author, date and explain the significance of this particular text: |
Author: Lysias I
Title: On the Murder of Eratosthenes
Date: ~404 - 390 BCE
Relevance/Significance: Euphiletos is being tried on court for killing the man who slept with his wife. It was a unique strategy as he claimed his actions were right and lawful by having hubris on him by the man and corrupting his wife as his wife wasonce a bee wife, perfect wife. He uses the fact that his wife was exposed to curruption when his mother died and she was allowed ouside. He speaks of an old women who approaches him in the market and tells him about Eratosthenes and treatens her with tortue to extract the truth (tortue was seen as the ultimate way to find the truth) |
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What was Athenian Marriage like? |
A significant moment in a girl's life
Ideal age ofr marriage was considered 14 (husbands were about 30 on average)
While a child, girl is under the guardianship of her father; after marriage she passes to that of her husband
Father responsible for arranging a suitable marriage; providing a dowry
Organized by the father
Women had no say in who they married; were obligated to accept their guardians' decisions
Marriage to relatives attractive to many wealthy families as a way of guardiang against gold digging suitors
Pocreation the aim of marriage the production of male child considered its fulfillment
After the birth of a healthy boy, a woman's main duty as a wife had been complted
A man was free to us eprostitutes for sexual graification or any of his slaves |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of this? |
Title: Apulian Loutrophoros
Date: 4th Century BCE
Relevance/Signifiance: Special shape of vase that you put on top of the grave that dies early
If unmarried girl, it would have a marriage theme |
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What is a Dowry? |
Responsible fathers provided their daughters with a suitable dowry
This dowry could not be legally disposed of by anyone (not the husband, not wife, noe even father himself)
Husband could make use of the principal, but legally had to maintain his wife at a rate of 18% annually calcualted from the original sum of the dowry
Upond divorce, the ex-husband had to return the dowry to the father, or continue to pay 18% annually for the wife's maintenance
Pretty much a way to keep girl safe and in suitable state
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What was a Athenian divorce like? |
Relatively common in Athen;s, no stigma attached
Easily attained with mutal consent
A man could divorce his wife simply by sending her away from his house
A women culd only divorce her husband with the intercession of a male citizen (most ofter her father) who could take the case before the Archon
Was common |
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Provide the author, date and explain the significance of this particular text:
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Author: Lysias I
Title: On the Murder of Eratosthenes Date: ~404 - 390 BCE Relevance/Significance: Euphiletos is being tried on court for killing the man who slept with his wife. It was a unique strategy as he claimed his actions were right and lawful by having hubris on him by the man and corrupting his wife as his wife was once a bee wife, perfect wife. He uses the fact that his wife was exposed to curruption when his mother died and she was allowed ouside. He speaks of an old women who approaches him in the market and tells him about Eratosthenes and treatens her with tortue to extract the truth (tortue was seen as the ultimate way to find the truth) |
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What was it like to be a women in the houshold? |
Wealthy freeborn women were expected to stay at home and oversee the household tastes of cooking, weaving, etc.
Close relationships with household slaves
Women were allowed out for funerals, and certain religious festivals
Due to having to stay home all day, they would build strong relations with slaves |
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Provide the author, date and explain the significance of this particular text: |
Author: Lysias I
Title: On the Murder of Eratosthenes
Date: ~404 - 390 BCE
Relevance/Significance: Euphiletos is being tried on court for killing the man who slept with his wife. It was a unique strategy as he claimed his actions were right and lawful by having hubris on him by the man and corrupting his wife as his wife wasonce a bee wife, perfect wife. He uses the fact that his wife was exposed to curruption when his mother died and she was allowed ouside. He speaks of an old women who approaches him in the market and tells him about Eratosthenes and treatens her with tortue to extract the truth (tortue was seen as the ultimate way to find the truth) |
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What were slaves like and in relation to the law in Athens? |
Slaves were the property of their master
They could only launch legal actions through their master's intecession; penalities for injuring or even killing them comparatively light
Slaves could be tortued into giving evidence in legal cases; confessions acquired by tortue were often considered more reliable
Female slaves suffered frequent sexual violence from their masters |
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What was prostituion like in Athens?
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Rife throughout Greece, particularly in areas of heavy commercal activity
Solon Establishes state-run brothels, allegedly to help prevent adultery (it doesn't count unless its with a citizen woman) Often, but not always slaves: many freedwomen made a living this way Extremely common except in Sparta Helped women pursue an indepdent life from the oikos There were 3 types of prostitutes, hetairai, independent, and pornai |
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What is a hetairai? |
Sohphisticated, educated women designed to be the companions of men at symposia Many became extremely wealthy Some even played influential roles in politics
Most charasmatic
To get long with more deeply than your wife |
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What is an independent prostitute? |
Freed pornai, metics or impoverished widows, resorting to prostituion to make a living; registered and taxed by the state |
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What is a pornai? |
Usually slaves of barbarian origin; owned by a pornoboskos or a pimp (a legitimate, if disreputable profession), who managed their activities and took their earnings
Poorest and most common
Origin of the word pronography |
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Who is Aspasia? |
A famous hetaira, companion to Pericles
Daughter of a wealthy Ionian, who possible came to Athens in exile
Becomes a famous hetaira; lives 'common-law' with Pericles, even father him a son
Their house apparently becomes the centre of Athenian intellectual life |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Thucydides? |
Date: ~460 - 400 BCE
Relevance/Significance: Was an Athenian citizen
From a wealthy family with connections in Thrace, probably related to Cimon
Suffered from the plague in the war
424 BCE: Failed as an Athenian general to stop Spartans from taking Amphipolis and banished from Athens for 20 years
He wrote his own histories os the Poeloponnesian War (a war between city states)
an eyewitness account: where Thucydides wasn't present himself, he rlies on those who were
No supernatural elements; no tall tales no ehtnography: this iis the possible birth of modern history
Trails off mysteriously but picked up by Xenophon |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Archidamian War? |
Date: 431 - 421 BCE
Relevance/Significance: Part of Second Peloponnesian War
Named after Spartan king Archidamus III; victories for both sides (stale mate)
War breaks out in 431 BCE over a conflict between Corinth and colonies
Activates a long string of alliances, dividing the Aegean in two
All the major Greek city-states were lined up on one side or the other
Pericles' Strategy was that to build a Long Walls that linked Athens to its port at Piraeus as Athens had the naval superiority. Athenian farmers would retreat to the city and in the meantime, Athens would import food by ship and it was hoped the Spartans would tire of ravaging the countryside around Athens |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Athenian Plague? |
Date: 430 BCE
Relevance/Significance: An overcrowded city leads to a severe plague. City was not a sanitary place
Up to two thirds of the Athenians killed, including Pericles
Thucydides himself caught the disease but survived
This was the end of the 'Golden Age' for Athens
According to Thucydides, the plague originated in Africa
He gave detailed descriptions of the symptoms
This plague caused the Spartans to retreast in fear that they would catch it |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Cleon? |
Date: 430 BCE
Relevance/Signifiance: After Pericles' death in 430 BCE, the demagogue Cleon rises to power
Encourages Athens to pursue a more aggressive policy, leading to numerous battles
Used false lawsuits to challenge his enemies
A powerful, but controversial figure |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Pylos? |
Date: 425 BCE
Relevance/Signifiance: As part of Athens' new strategy, the general Demosthenes establishes a fortified post on Pylos
Fear of helot revolt prompts Spartans to march against Pylos
Demosthenes traps the Spartans on the nearby island of Sphacteria in 425 BCE |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Sphacteria? |
Date: 425 BCE
Relevance/Signifiance: The place that Demosthenes traps the Spartans in 425 BCE
Spartans sue for peace; Cleon argues successfully to reject proposal
Sailts to Sphacteria with reinforcements; wins a great victory
Hundres of Spartans surrender (this had never happened before)
Spartans ran to the fort and because they were bottlenecked which caused them to surrender |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Amphipolis? |
Date: 424 BCE
Relevance/Signifiance: In 424 BCE, Spartans under Brasidas attack Amphipolis, a key source of Athenian gold, silver, and timber
Thucydides summoned to recapture Amphipolis, but arrives too late and is banshied for his failure
Brasidas: unites Spartan bravery with rhetorical flair, and strategic brilliance |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Peace of Nicias? |
Date: 421 - 414 BCE
Relevance/Signifiance: Part of Second Peloponnesian War
A '50-year' peace which lasted only five
The treaty meant and aided for: -Spatan hostages returned -Amphipolis restored to athens (this is sabotaged by diplomatic intrigue) -Athens to help Sparta in the event of a helot revolt -Temples throught Greece open to all
by 418 BCE, large scale fighting had already broken out again in Greece, culminating in the battle of Mantinea, a victory for Sprta |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Alcibiades? |
Date: 450 - 404 BCE
Relevance/Signifiance: A volatile, charismatic politicna; picks up where Cleon left off
Pro-war; angry that the peace of Nicias had been negotiated without him
Argues for a grandAthenian expedition to Sicily in spite of the objections of his conservative foe, Nicias
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Silician Expedition? |
Date: 415 - 413 BCE
Relevance/Signifiance: Part of Second Peloponessian War
Disastrous Athenian expedition to Sicily |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Herms? |
Sacred to the messenger god Hermes, were used as milestones and boundary markers in Attica and were throught to bring good luck
When many of them were mutilated just before the departure of the fleet for Syracuse, it was seen as very bad sign
Recalled to Athens to face trail, Alcibiades jumped ship and fled to Sparta to avoid prosecution |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Socrates? |
Date: 400's BCE
Relevance/Signifiance: Victim of aftermath of Alcibiades final battle.
Alcbiades was one of his pupil and he was charged with atheism and corrupting the youth.
Found guilty, he was sentenced to death by drinking poison hemlock
But through Aristotle and Plato, his teachings far outlived him |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Funeral Oration? |
Date: Delieved in 431 - 430 BCE, at the end of the first year of war with the Spartans
Relevance/Signifiance: Recorded by Thucydides in his histories but probably not a transcript
Becomes a famous statement of Athenian identity, and a noted example of rhetorical mastery |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Lysias? |
Date: 445 - 380 BCE
Relevance/Siginfance: Son of Cephalus, a Syracusan who settled in Athens under Pericles
A metic (foreiger), but classifed as an isotelis (a foreigner who payed taxes at the citizen rate)
His brother was killed under the thiry tyrants; he flees to Megara
Returns to Athens after the restoration of democracy; becomes a 'logographer' |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Metic? |
Relevance/Signfiaince: From meta + oikos = to change one's oikos
Athens was home to a number of foreign 'nationals', unlike most other poleis (Sparta had special laws forbidding them to stay in most cases)
Subject to military service, special axes
Responsible for most industry and artisinal production in Athens
Could not vote, or act as jurymen, but could make use of the courts |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Logographer? |
Relevance/Signifiance: Logos + graphos = speechwriters
Athenians were not allowed to have others represent them in trial
Instead, they could hire someone to write their speech for them
In the litigous age following the Peloponnesian War, some of these logoraphers become famous, including Lysias,Demosthenes, Isocrates and others |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Hubris? |
Relevance/Signfiaince: Outrage
Herodotus = setting oneself higher than the Gods
In Athens, hubris is an actual crime; punishment is death |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Athenian dowries? |
Relevance/Significance: Responsible fathers provided their daughters with a suitable dowry
This dowry could not be legally disposed of by anyone (not the husband, not wife, noe even father himself)
Husband could make use of the principal, but legally had to maintain his wife at a rate of 18% annually calcualted from the original sum of the dowry
Upond divorce, the ex-husband had to return the dowry to the father, or continue to pay 18% annually for the wife's maintenance
Pretty much a way to keep girl safe and in suitable state |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Pornai? |
Relevance/Signifiance: Usually slaves of barbarian origin; owned by a pornoboskos or a pimp (a legitimate, if disreputable profession), who managed their activities and took their earnings
Poorest and most common
Origin of the word pronography |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Hetairai? |
Relelvance/Signifiance: Sohphisticated, educated women designed to be the companions of men at symposia; many became extremely wealthy; some even played influential roles in politics
Most charasmatic
To get long with more deeply than your wife |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Aspasia? |
Relelvance/Singifiance: A famous hetaira, companion to Pericles
Daughter of a wealthy Ionian, who possible came to Athens in exile
Becomes a famous hetaira; lives 'common-law' with Pericles, even father him a son
Their house apparently becomes the centre of Athenian intellectual life |
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How can you distingush what is from Funeral Oration and who is author/date? |
Author: Thucydides
Date: ~420 - 411 BCE
Paragraph format
Talks about government, soldiers, spirits, military, death and honour.
First person |
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How can you distingush what is from On the Murder of Eratosthenes and who is author/date? |
Author: Lysias I
Date: ~404-390 BCE
Paragarph format
First person
Speaks of Athenians, marriage, murder, wife, money, family, hybris, dishonour, adulty, rape, sex, purity, bee wife, and in defence
Mentions names of Eratosthenes |
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Who was Kenneth Dover? |
He wrote a book in 1978 called Greek Homosexuality
He was one of the good old boys
Traditional British man
Heterosexuality man, farily coservative |
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Who is Michel Foucault? |
Wrote a book called History of Sexuality in 3 volumes from 1976 to 1984
French philosophy/theorists
Writes about hospitals, prison, psych wards Homosexuality and heterosexuality are cultural constructions Greeks don't think of gender but rather sexual roles Someone on top, someone on bottom Top is masculinity Bottom is femininity Being the receiver of gay sex, you are considered feminity Performing homosexual acts does not make them homosexual Not like Freud |
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Who is David Halperin? |
Wrote a book called One Hundred Years of Homosexuality in 1990
Should not used homosexuality as a word as there was not something abnormal
Should be normal if a man thinkers a younger man is attractive |
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What is paederasty? |
The love of boys
Active parter is erastes, the lover (usually 20- 30 years old)
Passive partner is eromenos, the beloved (12 - 18 years old
People don't know when the age lines were
Educating a boy to be a citizen
Interchanging sexual roles was looked frozned upon but happened
This was an aristocratic situation but was hard to tell what happened to lower class |
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What is the Aetiological myth for sexual desire? |
People were originally attacked to their xexual desire/love but Zues got angry at the first people who were first attacked and cut them in half and now they are always searching for their other half
M/F lovers were Adulter(esse)s
F/F lovers were Hetairistria (not lesbians)
M/M were politicans and paederasts |
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What was the connection between Alcibiades and Socrates? |
Alcibiades says he priases Socrates and is going after virtue through sex |
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What does Platonic love mean? |
Non-sexual relationships |
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What does Greek love mean? |
Like an escort which comes from homosexual acts of Greek which is usually men on men |
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Who is Karl Heinrich Ulrichs? |
1825 to 1895
Used terms "Urnings" which meant men atracted to men and "Dionings" which meant men attracted to women
Homosexuality was first used in print in 1869 |
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What is unique about Sapho? |
Famous female poet from the island of Lesbos
Her poems were not sexually explicit
There was F/F love in her fragments as she wrote about a new girla nd praising her, asking why. She also expresses her love for Anactoria. She also compared women to the moon
Her poems were sensuality rather than explicit sexuality
It was rich with metaphors
Female-centered world - men on the fringes; centrality of Aphrodite
Love/Eros: standard lyric terms |
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What is the Phaon legend? |
Rumon that she was in love with a man, that she was so obsed with him |
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What did Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff think of Sapho? |
1848 - 1931
Believed she was a schoolmistress on Lesbos of a boarding school.
She displayed Platonic love
There is no proof of this |
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What is the Songs of Bilitis? |
By Pierre Louys (1894)
These he claimed, making up, found in walls of the tombs of Cyphrous who was a wourtessan of Sappho. Displayed her as a lesbian
Pretty much soft-core porn |
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What is Lesbiazein? |
This is the performance of oral sex on a man |
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What is a Lucian? |
Masculin women seducing young courtesans.
Treated women like how a man would |
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What is Tribas? |
Means to rub
Used for gender deviant women
Wasn't the dominate or primary term whichend up coming to be |
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How can you distingush what is from Sappho's poems and who is author/date? |
Author: Sappho
Date: ~600 BCE
Poem format
Sorta sexual, kinda soft-core porn but never sexually explicit
First person
Very gental and descriptive in a metaphorical way |
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What was Greece like after the Peloponnesian Wars? |
Athens was defeated, but not destroyed
Sparta makes aFaustian bargain with the Persians
Ionia falls unde rPersian domination
Thousands of mercenaries out of work |
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Who was Agesilaos? |
A Spartan king, originally championed by King Lysander
Organizes a force to free Ionia from Persian domination
Reaches Sardis in 396 BCE
Artaxerxes dispatches diplomats bearing fits of gold to various Greek poleis, who rebel against Spartans, putting an end to their Asian invasion |
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What is the Corinthian war? |
395 BCE: War breaks out between Sparta and an alliance of various states, including Athens, Thebes, Cornith and Persian: an Athenian-led Persian fleet, ravaging the coast of Greece
After numerous Athenian successes, The Persians switch sides, and force a peace in 387 BCE
This 'peace' doesn't stop Sparta from opporunistically seizing Thebes in 382 BCE |
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What is the Boeotian League? |
Theban alliance disbanded by the King's Peace; reconstituted after 379 BCE
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What is Epaminondas? |
General who led Theban expansion; spear-headed new phalanx techniques |
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What is Second Athenian League? |
378 - 355 BCE
Alliance between Athens and several other cities; Athens not permitted to interfere in the affairs of its allies, extract money, etc... |
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What is the Theban Hegemony? |
371 - 338 BCE
Thebes was preeminent power in Greece |
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What is Social War? |
War between Athens and the members of the Athenian league over Athen's increasing interference in their affairs
Despite prohibition and fell out with their allies and fight with them |
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What is the Battle of Leuctra? |
371 BCE
Spartan and a Theban army face off in Boeotia, near the town of Leuctra
Theban general Epaminodas spearheads new tactics, routes the Spartan army
Traditionally thought as the end of Spartan hegemony, and the beginning of Theban preeminence
Epaminodas pretty much made the better phalanx |
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What is a Deep Phalanx |
Introduced in 371 BCE at Battle of Leuctra
A colume 50-deep consisting of the best troops these are used as a hammerhead to slice through an enemey's line
Had long spears in tight colums |
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Who were the Macedonians? |
They spoke a weird Greek. Northwest Greek dialect spoken, but Attic (AThenian) Greek used for adminstrative writing
Their politics was a Hereditary onarchy
Their social structure was the king surrounded by aristocratic hetairoi, and a large body of peasants (pezhetairoi)
Their culture was elites drawn to southern, especially Athenian culture; Heracles and other Greek gods worshipped widely |
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Who was Phillip II? |
359 - 338 BCE
Father of Alexander
Responsible for Macedonian expansion itno mainland Greece
We were able to reconstructure his face due his tomb being found.
He trains the pezhetairoi and arms them with the heavy sarissa
Part of these troops became a year-round professional fighting force
Macedonian army becomes a power instrument of war |
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What was Macedona conflict with Athens? |
The conflict happened not because he was going south but rather because he was approahing Hellespoant which was an important place for Athens territory. |
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What was the Third Sacred War? |
356 - 346 BCE
The Phocians seiz the temple of Delphi and use the proceeds to buy an army
War breaks out between Thebes and Sprta/Athens/Phocia
Phillip II invades in 346 BCE; the Phocians surrender immediately |
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What is the League of Cornith? |
Greece had no more troops left
Diplomatic solution was reached which created the League of Cornith. Was a way for Phillip to express control. Went along with Macedonains but was hands off. |
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Who was Alexander the Great? |
Son of Phillip II; assumes the throne after his father's assassination in 336 BCE
An impetuous, hard-drinking ruler, and a brilliant military strategist, who picked up where his father left off.
Most written about leaders
Brilliant military strategiest. Used the Deep Phaalanx.
Had three key battles, Issus, Gaugemela, hydaspes
On his conquest, after his army revolts, Alexander returns to Babylon, where he establishes his capital in 323 BCE
Later that year, after dire warnings from astrologers, Alexander dies after particularly wild night of drinking
His life inspired numerous fantastic tales, such as Alexander Romance |
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What is the Battle of Issus? |
333 BCE
Alexander defeats Darius in Syria, capturing his wife and children Darius offer peace, but Alexander refuses in secret |
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What is the Battle of Gaugemela?
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331 BCE
Alexander routs an enormous Persian army, putting an effected end to Persian resitance |
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What is the Battle of Hydaspes? |
326 BCE
Alexander defeats the Indian king Pontus, gaining a foothold in the Ganges river valley |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of this? |
Title: Funeral of Iskandar from the Panj Ganj of Nizami, Mughal India
Date: 1610
Signifiance: Multicultural influence of Alexander the Great |
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How can you distingush what is from Life of Alexander and who is author/date? |
Author: Plutarch
Date: 46 - 120 CE
Paragraph format
Mention of Alexander a lot as well as Olympias (his mtoher). Alexander's opinions and conquests. |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Agesilaos? |
Date: 396 BCE
Relevance/Signficance: A Spartan king, originally championed by King Lysander
Organizes a force to free Ionia from Persian domination
Reaches Sardis in 396 BCE
Artaxerxes dispatches diplomats bearing fits of gold to various Greek poleis, who rebel against Spartans, putting an end to their Asian invasion |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Corinthain War? |
Date: 395 BCE
Relevance/Signifiance: War breaks out between Sparta and an alliance of various states, including Athens, Thebes, Cornith and Persian: an Athenian-led Persian fleet, ravaging the coast of Greece
After numerous Athenian successes, The Persians switch sides, and force a peace in 387 BCE
This 'peace' doesn't stop Sparta from opporunistically seizing Thebes in 382 BCE |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of King's Peace? |
Date: 383 BCE
Relevance/Signficance: Interesting statement of Persian policy. Make sure there is always an uneasy side of power and no one power |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Epamindas? |
Date: 371 BCe
Relevance/Signifiance: General who led Theban expansion; spear-headed new phalanx techniques
Defeated the Spartans in battle by creating the Deep Phalanx |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Battle of Leuctra? |
Date: 371 BCE
Relevance/Significance: Spartan and a Theban army face off in Boeotia, near the town of Leuctra
Theban general Epaminodas spearheads new tactics, routes the Spartan army
Traditionally thought as the end of Spartan hegemony, and the beginning of Theban preeminence
Epaminodas pretty much made the better phalanx |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Macedonia? |
Date: N/A
Relevance/Signifiance: They spoke a weird Greek. Northwest Greek dialect spoken, but Attic (AThenian) Greek used for adminstrative writing
Their politics was a Hereditary onarchy
Their social structure was the king surrounded by aristocratic hetairoi, and a large body of peasants (pezhetairoi)
Their culture was elites drawn to southern, especially Athenian culture; Heracles and other Greek gods worshipped widely |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Phillip II? |
Date: 359 - 338 BCE
Relevance/Signifiance: Father of Alexander
Responsible for Macedonian expansion itno mainland Greece
We were able to reconstructure his face due his tomb being found.
He trains the pezhetairoi and arms them with the heavy sarissa
Part of these troops became a year-round professional fighting force
Macedonian army becomes a power instrument of war |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Third Sacred War? |
Date: 356 - 346 BCE
Relevance/Signifiance: The Phocians seiz the temple of Delphi and use the proceeds to buy an army
War breaks out between Thebes and Sprta/Athens/Phocia
Phillip II invades in 346 BCE; the Phocians surrender immediately |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Battle of Chaeronea? |
Date: N/A
Relevance/Signifiance: Where Philips great tactices broke the Athelian line |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of League of Cornith? |
Date: N/A
Relevance/Signifiance: Greece had no more troops left
Diplomatic solution was reached which created the League of Cornith. Was a way for Phillip to express control. Went along with Macedonains but was hands off. |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Alexander the Great? |
Date: Came to power in 336 BCE
Relevance/Signifiance: Son of Phillip II; assumes the throne after his father's assassination in 336 BCE
An impetuous, hard-drinking ruler, and a brilliant military strategist, who picked up where his father left off.
Most written about leaders
Brilliant military strategiest. Used the Deep Phaalanx.
Had three key battles, Issus, Gaugemela, hydaspes
On his conquest, after his army revolts, Alexander returns to Babylon, where he establishes his capital in 323 BCE
Later that year, after dire warnings from astrologers, Alexander dies after particularly wild night of drinking
His life inspired numerous fantastic tales, such as Alexander Romance |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Battle of Gaugemela? |
Date: 331 BCE
Relevance/Signfiance: Alexander routs an enormous Persian army, putting an effected end to Persian resitance |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Suelucid? |
Date: 280 BCE
Relevance/Signifiance: After Alexander had died, the Macedonian empire seperated into three pimary kingdoms and Suelucid was one of them
This was syria and Mesopotamia (Antioch)
Seccessor to the Persian empire
Largest of the successor kingdoms
Population of 25 to 30 million
Basically a Greek Persia
Conflict with Indian kingdoms; other Hellenistic states
Rule by satrap
Seleucids continue the process of Hellenization that Alexander brought which encouraged soldiers to marry local Persian wives and have settlements of Greek soldiers through the country side. This spread Greek language and customs
Never gave up on project of reuniting Alexander's empire
After 250 BCE, with lagging economy, and slowing immigration from Greece, Seleucids lose control over most of Eastern half of their empire and the Greco-Bactrian and Parthian take over |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Antigonid? |
Date: 280 BCE
Relevance/Signifiance: After Alexander had died, the Macedonian empire seperated into three pimary kingdoms and Antigonid was one of them
Macedon and Central Greece
Inherit Macedonia, and parts of Greece itself
Embroiled in numerous wars both interal and external
tiny tax base; constant emigration to richer parts of the Greek world
Ineffectual, but on the front line of the war against the Romans |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Ptolemaic kingdoms?
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Date: 280 BCE
Relevance/Signifiance: After Alexander had died, the Macedonian empire seperated into three pimary kingdoms and Ptolemaic was one of them Egypt (Alexandria) Ptolemy I launches a dynstary that will contunue until the dath of Cleopatra and the conquest of Egpyt by Rome for almost 300 years laters Mixes Greek and Egyptian elements: an Egpytian style monarcy with some elements of Greek civic government and culture Serapis mixes the greatest Greek God Zeus with apis, an extremely popular Egytprian god and become sthe patron saint of Alexandria |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Pergamon/Attalid kingdom? |
Date: 280 BCE
Relevance/Signifiance: After Alexander had died, the Macedonian empire seperated into three pimary kingdoms and Attalid was one of them
This was anatolia (Pergamum). It was a single city-state |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Interpretatio Graeca? |
Date: After 280 BCE
Relevance/Signifiance: Mixing Greek and Egyptian and Roman religions together. Seeing one God in the eyes of your Gods, similarties and clamining their God to be the same as yours |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Demotic? |
Date: 332 - 330 BCE
Relevance/Signifiance: The languge of the coutnryside in Egypt.
Numerous ostraca and papyri surive in both Demotic and Greek.
Evolved from Hieratic but before Coptic |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Alexandria? |
Date: After 280 BCE
Relevance/Signifiance: Capital of Ptolemaic Egypt
One of the largest cities in Antiquity (600000+ people at its height)
Home to Greeks, Egyptians, Jews and others
Site of the Library of Alexandria
A lot of ancient Alexandra is current under water |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Library of Alexandria? |
Date: Burned down in 4th century CE
Relevance/Signifiance: constructed by Ptolemy I Soter
Hires an army of scribes to make copies of all known Greek literature
Complete edition of all Athenian tragedies borrowed (and not returned)
Location unknown
City as a microcosm of Greek world
Home of Alexandrian Science: -Euclid (330 - 326 BCE): father of Geomtry -Aristarchus (310 - 230 BCE): adopts heliocentric view -Eratosthenes (276 - 194 BCE): measures circumference of earth |
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Where was the Attalid kingdom? |
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Where is Antioch? |
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Where is Pergamon? |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Frederik Barth? |
Date: 1619
Relevance/Singifiance: He says that ethinicty is defined not by any particular cultural content but by boundaries drawn between different groups of people
External ascription; internal self-identifiaciton
Boundary markers: 'ecological' adaptation
You can decided your ethinicity you want to be but must also acknowledge it |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Greco-Bactrian Kingdom? |
Date: 250 BCE
Relevance/Signficance: Diodotus, satrap of Bactria, secedes from the Selucid kingdom; becomes Diototus I of a new Greco-Bactrian kigndom
in 247 BCE: Ptolemies capture Antioch; Seleucids weakened
In 237 BCE: Parthian empire breaks away from Seleucid kigndom
In 235 BCE: Greco-Bactrian kingdom completely cut off from 'Greek' world
In 210 BCE, Antiochus III, the Seleucid King, attempts to recapture the Greco-Bactrian territory. Euthymedus keeps him at bay, eventually negotiating a peace sealed with the marriage of his daughter. Greco-Bactrian begins to expand and go as far as Seres (china) and Phryni |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Ashoka? |
Date: 304 - 232 BCE
Relevance/Signifiance: Grandson of Chandragupta
converts to Buddhism; sends out missionaries to Greek kingdoms
consolidates Mauryan empire; strengthens ties with Greek world
He was a vegatarian passificst
When a king would convert to Buddhism, there would be an edict created which is inscribed stone pillars erected throughout the Empire which would be bi- or tri-lingual |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Indo-Greek kingdom? |
Date: 180 BCE
Relevance/Signifiance: Mauryan empire had collapsed
Demetrius, son of King Euthymedus, invades Indian, founds the Indo-Greek kingdom
This kingdom would last until 10 BCE |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Greco-Buddhism? |
Date: N/A
Ralavance/Signifiance: Buddhism mixed with Greek religion. So buddha with Heracles or Buddhism shrines with Greek decorative motifs or Greek gods with Buddhism influences.
Shows mix of cultures and Hellenization |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Triakontaschoenos? |
Date: 275 BCE
Relevance/Signifiance: Ptolemy II Philadelphos invades lower Nubia, a perennial source of rebellion and reistance; annexes the Triakontashoenos
There was gold mines; acces to trade routes and elephant hunting here |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Philae? |
Date: N/A
Relevnace/Signifiance: Little island in the middle of the rapids
Home of an important temple
Was actually rebuilt |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Mer-Meshe? |
Date: N/A
Relevance/singifiance: Means District Commissioner
Demotic inscriptions by priest show them holding the important secular position of mer-meshe
Menai: 'agent of Pharaoh', 'agent of Isis', 'priest of Isis'
Suny: 'agent of Isis'
Selwa: 'agent of Isis of the Abaton and Philae', 'agent of Thoth'
These men seem to have held some sort of judicial role in addition to their duties as preists |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Kalabsha?
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Date: N/A
Relevance/Signifiance: Investment from Augustus (first emperor of Rome) New temple for Mandulis at Kalabsha Quite big |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Proskynemata? |
Date: N/A
Relevance/Signifiance: Most of our knowledge about these Roman garrisons come from ritual inscritions left behind on the temples they guarded/visited called the proskynemata
They would write an inscription to the gods/lords
Not just soldiers though, also people
Some in hyro, domatic and some Greek |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Paccisu Maximus? |
Date: 1st century CE
Relevance/Signfiance: A decurion in the Roman detachment at Kalabascha
Author of two clever, learned proskynemta at Kalabash, worshipping the God Mandoulis
Question is of his identity, greek, nubian or egytpain? -begins with greek gods -mentions isis -ends with Mandoulis -grecoroman form
Also, they an arthmatic poem |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Periplus Maris Erythraei? |
Date: 1st c. CE
Relevance/Signifiance: Meant for traders and was descriptive
The type of things being traded were like the spices and high valueable and precious materials |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Berenike? |
Date: N/A
Relevance/Singifiance: It is a place
Indian pottery, coins, crops and rice have been found here
Indian traders also plied these routes
Comparatively little evidence for their activiites however
It is a place where thigns would be loaded before its journey |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Red Sea? |
Place for trade with Africa and connected to the Indian ocean leg |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Axumite Empire? |
Date: 3rd c. CE
Relevance/Singifiance: Rising empires with an inalnd caital at Axum; a red Sea port at Adulis
Commerece, tribute; attacks and conquers the Merotic kigndom in 3rd and 4th c. CE
Converts to Christianity early (4th c. CE)
Had own writing system (Ge'ez - the ancestor of the script use to write Amharic today)
a major power in later antiquity: courted by Byzantine empereors |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Raphta? |
Date: N/A
Relevance/Signifiance: Varioously located, from Kenya, to Northern Mozambique |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Bantu Migration? |
Date: N/A
Relevance/Singifiance: Bantus were an agricultural people: could these have been the first Bantu to appear on the east coast of Africa? |
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What is a satrap? |
Provincial leader for the Persian empire that would take care of everything in the province |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Sophytos? |
Date: ~2nd Century BCE
Relevance/Singifiance: The inscriptions
A funerary inscription; typicall Greek format
Sohphytos, son of Naratos: not Greek names: perhaps from Subhuti and Narada
Found in Kandahar: site of requent political changes in Bactria
Perhaps written during the conquest of Demetrius: a politcally expendient time to assert on'e Greekness
His poems was an acrostic and clever one
Qustion of what identity was he? |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Dodekaschoenos? |
Date:100 BCE
Relevance/Signfiance: After numerous conflicts witth the Merotic kigndom to the south, the Ptolemies' holding in Nubia are restricted to the Dodekaschoenos (twleve mile land)
This would be a durable frontier, lasting well into Roman period
Presently underwater |
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How can you distingush what is from Stele of Heliodorus and who is author/date? |
Author: Helidorus
Date: 113 BCE
Kinda like a poem
Very weird and looks and sounds broken |
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How can you distingush what is from Paccius Maximus inscriptions and who is author/date? |
Author: Paccis Maximus
Date: 1st c. CE
Multiple locations and gods
Poem style
Also one of them is arthematic |
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How can you distingush what is from The Periplus of the Erythrean Sea and who is author/date? |
Author: Periplus
Date: 1st c. CE
Numbered, structured, informative for explorations and traders |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Cavafy? |
Date: 1863 - 1933
Relevance/Siginifiance: Born in Alexandria; died in Alexandria
Worked as a journalist and civil servant
Wrtoe Greek poetry; mostly unrecognized during his life time
Wrote erotic and historical poems, drawing on a range of historical material from the Greek world
Wrote modern Greek poetry. It focused on later greek history: the Hellenistic period, the Roman period,and Byzantine period
It was geopgraphically focused in Alexandria. Believed it was the spiritual capital of the Greek world |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Aeneas? |
Date: 752 BCE
Relelvnace/Singifiance: According to legend, Aeneas flees from Troy and saisl to Italy
His descendants, Romulus and Remus, found the city of Rome in 752 BCE
Rome expels its kings, establishes a republican system of government
Expands rapidly in the following centuries, encompassing Italy, Sicily and much of the Eastern Mediterranean by the 1st c. BCE |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Romulus and Remus? |
Date: 752 BCE
Relevance/Signifiance: They are the descendants of Aeneas and founded the city of Rome in 752 BCE |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Antiochus III? |
Date: 190 BCE
Relelvnace/Singifinace: Seleucid king; enters mainland Greece in 192 BCE to support the Aetolian league in an anti-Roman alliance; Rome responds with crushing force, defeats him at Thermopylae in 191 BCE; Magnesia in 190 BCE
Rome's Early Antagonist
Defeated Rome in 191 BCE at Thermopylae |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Sack of Corinth? |
Date: 146 BCE
Relelnace/Sinigifnace: Angry Corinthian mob, upset about Roma plunder and taxation, attakcs Roman ambassadors
Senate decides to make an example of the city
Two days of plunder reduce the city to a sdhadow of its former self; art plunders, treasuries emptied, and the inhabitants reduced to slavery
Once very cultural city, now nothing |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Mithridates? |
Date: 121 - 63 BCE
Relelvnac/Signifiance: King of Pontus, on the Black Sea cost of Turkey
Variously Rome's ally and emeny
In 88 BCE, exploiting Greek resentment of Roman rule, coordinates a revolt across the entirety of Asia Minor
On an appointed day (30th of some month), each city rose up in revolt, killing all the Romans they could find (including their families)
According to same source, as many as 80,000 may have died |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Sulla? |
Date: 138 - 78 BCE
Relelvnace/Signifiance: Roman general apprentice and later enemy of the great Roman reformer Marius
Chosen by the senate to punish Mithridates
Sparks the first great civil war of Roman history
In 87 BCE, Sulla finally sails for Greece, having expelled Marius from Rome
As soon as he is gone, Mariius returns, decalres Sulla a criminal
No pay for Sulla's army he is forced to plunder the Greek cities for money
Olympias, Delphi, Athens all besieged and plundered
Sulla negotiates with Mitridates privaelty with him; arrives at a settlement. Sulla imposes harsh penalities on Greek poleis, which were now on the verge of bankruptcy, and unable to protect themselves
Returns to Italy in 83 BCE; Marius had already died by this ppoint
Turns aside effecrts to stop him, and reeneters Rome at the head of his victorious army
Rules as the Dictator for three years; dies in 79 BCE |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Marius? |
Date: 90' BCE
Relelvnace/Singifiance: Sulla' mentor, wanted to be appointed general, but he was too powerful for the Senate's liking
The reason why they chose Sulla instead of Marius is beacuse Marius was too powerful as he wanted to become King so they chose Sulla who was more controllable
Marius' allies threaten to veto Sulla's appointment; aftter a phsycail altercation outside the senate house, their motion carries
Sulla ignores the vote, joins his army of 50,000 men about to set sail for Greece
But he leads them to Rome instead |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Pompey Magnus? |
Date: 106 - 48 BCE
Relelvance/Singifiance: A new 'super-general' from the next generation
Campaigns in Spain; Anatolia
Joins with Crassus (who suppressed Spartacus' slave revolt) to rule over rome
Also known as Pompey the Great
Pompey sent to the Aegean in 67 BCE to secure the region against pirates, and finish the war with Mithridates. Mithridates was killed in 66 BCE
Continues Lucullus' reforms, reducing financial burden on Greek poleis
Creates four new provinces, reationalizes tax system, completes annexation of Asia Minor |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Julius Caesar? |
Date: 50 BCE
Relelvance/Singifiance: Part of the First Triumvirate with Crassus and Pompey
During the second great civil war of Roman history, Pompey decalse Caesar a criminal, stripping him of his command. Caesar marches to Rome with his Gallic army caused Pompey to flee to Greece and defeated at Pharsalus and flees again to Egypt being killed by the agents of Ptolemy XIII
Ceasar than conquered Egypt to punish Pompey's murderes and replace Ptolemy with his younger sister Cleopatra who he had an affair and child with. |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of First Triumvirate? |
Date: 50 BCE
Relelvance/Signifiance: Consits of tree leaders,Crassus, Caesar, and Pompey
Crassus was given command of armies in the East, defeated and killed in a disastrous battle with Parthians at Carrhae
Caesar was give command of armies in Gaul conquers Gaul, earning immense riches in the process
Pompey stayed in Rome, consolidates his power |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Cleopatra? |
Date: ~50 BCE
Relevance/Singifiance: Cleopatra was Caesar little sister who he used to replace Ptolemy with when he conquered Egtpy
He later had an affair with her and eventually a child, named Caesarion |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Ides of March? |
Date: ~44 BCE
Relevance/Singifiance: Ceasar returns in truiumph to Rome, his power now uncontested
Passes laws allowing him to appoint magistrates, consuls, and tribunes
Grants himself the title of 'imperator' (general) and 'pater patria' (father of the father land)
Fearing his monarchial amitions, a group of senators, lead by Bruttus, murders him in the Senate on March 15, 44 BCE |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Second Triumvirate? |
Date: After Ceasar's death
Relevance/Singifiance: Consists of three leaders after the death of Ceasar, Mark Antony, Lepidus, and Otavian |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Mark Antony? |
Date: ~41 BCE
Relevnce/Singifiance: After Octavian forces Lepidus into retirement, Octavian given control of wester half of Roman territory while Mark Antony gets the east
Antony to pursue punitive war with the Parthians; begins colleccting money
He then meets Cleopatra in 41 BCE
Instead of invading Parthia, Antony follows Cleopatra to Alexandria
According to later propaganda, he was lost to oriental decadence
Octavian plots against him; says Antony wants to move the cpital of the mpire to Alexandria, force senators to kiss the feet of a Greco-Egyptian queen
Antony finnally attacks Parthia, but fails to accomplish anything
Marries Cleopatra in 37 BCE despite being married to Octavian sisster
34 BCE: recognizes Caesarion and his three children as legitmate heirs; plans to divide the Greek world between them
32 BCE: divorces Octavia, Octavian's sister; war breaks out
He commits suicide, thinking Cleopatra is dead while dying he learns she is alive |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Octavian? |
Date: ~41 BCE
Relevnce/Singifiance: After Octavian forces Lepidus into retirement, Octavian given control of wester half of Roman territory while Mark Antony gets the east
Octavian plots against Antony; says Antony wants to move the cpital of the mpire to Alexandria, force senators to kiss the feet of a Greco-Egyptian queen
32 BCE: divorces Octavia, Octavian's sister; war breaks out
Makes himself the first emperor of Rome after Caesarion, Cleopatra and Antony has died
Presides over a vast territory, stretching from Northern France to southern frontiers of Eggypt |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of Caesarion? |
Date: After Antony death
Releance/Singifiance: After Cleopatra kills herself with an asp, Octavian orders Caesarion strangled |
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What is title, author, date, relevant contextual information and significance of the Second Sophistic? |
Date: 2nd century CE
Relevance/Signifiance: During the Antonine dynasty in rome, a Greek cultural revival takes place
Greek philosphy, literature, langauge, even hair styles come into fashion
Classicizing authors imitate the styel of famous Greek authors
This created two empires, an Eastern empire (urbanized, Greek, wealthy, commercial, capital: Constantinople) and a Western empire (rural, Latin, improverished, agrarian, Captial: Rome, later Ravenna) |
