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243 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Etymology of "pole" |
Polos ("axis") /polaris |
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Etymology of "arctic" |
Arktos = Bear; region where two constellations shaped like bears occur |
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Etymology of "solstice" |
Solstitium
"Sun-stop" Especially long day/night; points where the "sun stops" |
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Etymology of "equinox" |
"Equal night"; especially short day/night, so that the two are almost equal in length |
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Etymology of "tropics" |
Tropicos = "turning circle"; circle where turning occurs Tropos = turn |
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Etymology of "zodiac" |
Zodiakos; zodiac cycle/circle Zodios; little image/sign Zoos; animal/image (ex. zoology, protozoan) |
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{aster/astro} |
Greek; Star ex. Astronomy, astrology |
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{naut} |
Sailor ex. Astronaut |
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{stella} |
Latin; star Stellar, constellation |
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{sider} |
Latin; star Consider, desire |
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Etymology of "planets" |
Plauntes Wandering stars |
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Retrograde motion |
{retro} = back {grade/gress} = walk "Walk-back" motion |
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The Seven Classical Planets |
Sun, Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, Saturn |
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Etymology of "Sunday" |
Classical planet; Sun Sunday |
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Etymology of "Monday" |
Classical planet; Moon Monday |
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Etymology of "Tuesday" |
Classical planet = Mars/Tiwe Tuesday |
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Etymology of "Wednesday" |
Classical planet; Mercury/Woden Wednesday |
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Etymology of "Thursday" |
Classical planet; Jupiter/Thor Thursday |
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Etymology of "Friday" |
Classical planer; Venus/Fria Friday |
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Etymology of "Saturday" |
Classical planet; Saturn Saturday |
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Luna |
Moon; lunacy/lunatic; "moon-sickness" or insanity lunar; pertaining to the moon lunate; luante bone in hand shaped like crescent moon |
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Etymology of "crater" |
Kratos; mixer (mixing bowl for wine) > Crater |
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Etymology of "cosmos" |
Koomos = order |
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Etymology of "sphere" |
Sphaira = "ball" |
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Etymology of "ether" |
Aithos = bright sky above ordinary air Aether -> ether -> ethereal |
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Linnaeus; birthplace, century lived |
Born in 1707 (16th century) Born in Stenbrohult, Sweden Developed binomial nomenclature |
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Etymology of "nomenclature" |
{nomen} = name + {cla/cal} = shout, call Related to nomenclator, a slave whose job it was to remember the names of other slaves for his master |
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{nomen} |
name binomial = two-name misnomer = incorrect use of a name nominal = in name only/insignificant |
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{cla/cal} |
shout, call council = something called together calendar = Latin kalendarium; account book, Kalendae; proclaiming day (when loans were due) |
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Linnaeus; contribution to nomenclature |
Works by Linnaeus are the official beginnings of modern nomenclature Names he set forth in his works are still used Established binomial nomenclature: genus + species system Also established modern hierarchy: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
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Aristotlean nomenclature |
Genus (family, kin, kind): grouping of species with common features Definition: Give Genus, then give what makes the species different from others (differentia) Ex: A triangle (species) is a polygon (genus) with three sides (differentia) |
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Etymology of "Religion" |
Not clear, but May have to do with constant re-reading of scripture ({lit}) May have to do with "tying" or "binding fast" ({lig}) |
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Etymology of "Scripture" |
Latin scriptura, writing Sacred scriptures claim to present the word of God |
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Etymology of "creed" |
Comes from Latin "credo" = "I believe" A creed is a formal statement of belief |
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Etymology of "ritual" |
Comes from Latin "ritualis"<"ritus" = "rite", a ceremonial act or the performance of a ceremonial act |
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Entymology of "theism" |
Belief in God or Gods Greek {the(o)} (God) + {ism} (belief) |
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Etymology of "polytheists" |
Belief in many gods {Poly} = many + {theo} = God + {ist} |
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Etymology of "monotheists" |
Belief in one god {Mono} = one |
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Etymology of "henotheism" |
Belief in many gods, but worship of only one {Hen(o)} = one |
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Etymology of "animism" |
Belief that all natural objects have their own souls {anim} = soul |
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Etymology of "Christ" |
Kristos -> "Messiah"/"anointed one"
Refers to practice of anointing kings/rulers for divine tasks when necessary |
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Entymology of "martyr" |
Martyr < martos, a witness Martroa = to bear witness, to provide evidence Modern-day: Martyr = somebody who is punished/dies for their beliefs |
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Quintus Aurelius Symmanchus |
Tried to stop Rome from converting to Christianity; did not succeed Ordered the Altar of Victory to be removed from coinage Nike symbol?? |
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Etymology of "Catholic" |
Catholic = {kata} =down, along, throughout, according to + {olos} = whole |
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Etymology of "catholic" |
Different meaning than Catholic; defined as "universal," or "all-encompassing" |
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Etymology of "orthodox" |
{ortho} = straight, upright, correct + {doxa} = opinion |
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Etymology of "pontiff" |
Pontiff = the Pope pons {bridge} + fic {to make} |
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Etymology of "bishop" |
"episcopal" -> overseer |
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Etymology of "dogma" |
"dogma" -> what is deemed correct |
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Etymology of "bible" |
"Biblia" -> "holy books" |
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Etymology of "baptism" |
"Baptismos" -> immerse, bathe, wash, drench |
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Etymology of "angel" |
"Annelos" -> messenger/envoy |
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Modern binomial nomenclature |
An organism is identified by: Genus name + species name/epithet Genus name + species name = a binomen |
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Why Linnaes' Nomenclature was more beneficial |
Linnaean nomenclature does not require differentiae, and thus saves species names from being long/cumbersome; genus + differentiae polynomials could be very long. Instead of a description, all that is required is a species epithet. |
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Binomen conventions |
Written with genus capitalized, species lowercase, all in italics: Genus species In very formal nomenclature, the date + name of the author of the publication where the species was published are included. Panthera leo Linnaeus, 1758 Usually, the full name of the organism is given once (Eschereria coli), and then abbreviated afterwards (E. coli) |
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Quintessence |
The substance making up celestial bodies, according to classical/medieval philosophy |
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Quintessence/Ether |
Aristotle referred to Quintessence using a Greek word which in modern English means "Ether." This caused the two terms to become related. |
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Luminiferous ether |
The Luminiferous Ether was thought to be the substance that carried light through the Universe. It was disproven by the Michaelson-Morely experiment. |
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Greek combining form "-o" |
Used in naming bacteria Ex. Staphylococcus; cocci = grain/berries, staphy = bunch Staphylococcus = bunch of berries (small, spherical clustered bacteria) |
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{logy}/{logist} |
"study of"/"person who studies" |
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{anthropo} |
man combining form |
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{bio} |
life combining form |
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{entomo} |
notched animal/insect combining form |
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{ethno} |
race or nation of people combining form |
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{etymo} |
basic meaning of a word combining form |
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{geo} |
land/Earth combining form |
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{horo} |
hour, time combining form |
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{neuro} |
nerve combining form |
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{patho} |
suffering, disease, feeling combining form |
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{psycho} |
soul, mind combining form |
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{phag} |
eating entymophagous = eats insects |
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{ichthyo} |
fish itchyophagous = eats fish |
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{sapro} |
rotten saprophagous = eats rotten food |
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{rhizo/rhiz} |
root rhizophagous = eats roots |
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{iart/iatro} |
doctor/treatment psychiatrist = treats diseases of the mind |
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{hipp} |
horse hippiatry = the study of horses |
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{pus/pod} |
foot podiatrist = specializes in disorders of the feet |
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{ornith/ornitho} |
bird ornithologist = studies birds |
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{ger} |
old geriatrics = study of the diseases/problems of the elderly |
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{carcin/carcino} |
cancer carcinogen = causes cancer |
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{partheno} |
Virgin Parthenon received its name because it was important to Athena, a virgin goddess Parthenogenesis is birth without fertilization (virgin birth) |
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Iatrogenic disease |
Iatrogenic disease = caused by treatment
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Geometry |
literally "measurement of the Earth" Mathematics dealing with measurements of points, lines, surfaces, solids |
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{carni} |
Meat/flesh Carnivore = animal that eats meat |
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{cide} |
Kill Herbicide = poison that kills plants |
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{febri} |
Fever Febrifuge = medicine that drives out fever |
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{frugi/fructi} |
Fruit Frugivorous = fruit-eating |
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{fuge} |
Drive away, flee Vermifuge = medicine that drives out worms |
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{fy} |
Make Magnify = make bigger |
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{herbi} |
Grass Herbicide = kills grass |
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{insecti} |
Insect Insectivore = animal/plant that eats insects |
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{magni} |
Big Magnify = make bigger |
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{omni} |
All Omnivorous = eats everything |
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{pater/patri} |
Father Patricide = killing one's father |
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{pesti} |
Troublesome animal, plant, etc. Pesticide = kills troublesome animal/plant |
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{Pisci} |
Fish Piscivore = eats fish (Latin version of Ichthyophagous) |
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{rani} |
Frog Ranivorous = eats frogs |
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{sui} |
Self Suicide = killing of self |
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{Vermi} |
worm Vermicide = kills worms |
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{vor/vore} |
Eating Omnivorous = eats everything |
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{ag/act} |
Do Agent/reaction |
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{frang/fract} |
Break Frangible (breakable) Fracture |
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{grav} |
Heavy, serious, pregnant
Gravid (pregnant) |
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{host} |
Enemy Hostile Hostility |
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{neglig/neglect} |
Disregard Negligence Neglect |
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{sap/sip} |
Taste Sapid (tasty) Insipid (tasteless) |
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{brevi} |
Short Brevity (shortness/briefness) Abbreviation |
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{joc} |
Jest, fun Jocose (jolly/humorous) Jocularity (joking manner) |
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{nebul} |
Cloud Nebula (mass of interstellar dust) Nebulous (cloudy, unclear) |
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{rect} |
Right Correct Rectitude (correctness) |
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{simil/simili} |
Like Simliar Similitude (resemblance, likeness) |
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{squal} |
Rough, dirty Squalor (filth) Squalid (filthy) |
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{radic} |
root |
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Eradicate (literal vs. figurative) |
Literal = tear out a plant by the roots Figurative = remove a problem (or whatever) completely, with no trace left - Root of the problem = cause of the problem |
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Navigate (literal vs. figurative) |
Navigate in the literal sense applies only to boats. All other usages are figurative meaning |
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{ferv} |
Heat |
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Fervid (literal vs. figurative) |
Hot (can be literal or figurative) Literal = Sun's fervid rays Figurative = Fervid ran of the basketball team |
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Etymology of "horizon" |
From Latin horizon, meaning "limiting circle" |
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Etymology of "vodka" |
Diminutive of Russian voda, "water" |
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Etymology of "whisky/whiskey" |
Gaelic "water of life," from Old Irish "water" |
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Etymology of "sardonic" |
From Greek sardonios "of Sardinia," based in an old belief that eating a plant from Sardinia would cause the face to contort into sardonic laughter (looked like laughter but was not,) later resulting in death Modern meaning: Grimly mocking/cynical |
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Etymology of "OK" |
From Old English; probably an abbreviation of orl korrect, humorous form of "all correct," popularized as a slogan during President Van Buren's re-election campaign of 1840; his nickname Old Kinderhook (derived from his birthplace) provided the initials. |
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Allusion vs. Illusion |
Allusion = make reference to someone/something in an indirect/casual way Illusion = A belief not in accord with the facts |
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{lud/lus} |
Mock, make a fool of |
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Alteration vs. Altercation |
Alteration = change from one thing to another Altercation = fight with another person |
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{alter} |
other/another |
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Violation vs. volition |
Violation = breaking of a law Volition = Wish, desire |
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{vel/vol} |
Wish, desire |
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{violat} |
Force or violence |
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Alter ego |
A different version of yourself "A second self" |
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Cum grano salis |
With a grain of salt |
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In extremis |
"At the point of death" An extremely difficult situation |
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Tempus fugit |
"Time flies" |
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Ex libris |
Used on the inscription of a bookplate to show the name of the owner "From the library of" |
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What part of speech must a genus name be? |
Noun |
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What part of speech must a specific epithet be? |
Adjective, participle, noun, or genitive |
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Trinomial nomenclature |
Many organisms have a trinomen rather than a binomen; trinomial nomenclature is used to classify taxa smaller than species Ex. Homo sapiens sapiens = humans |
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Who are Zeus' brothers? |
Posiedon (god of earthquakes, the sea) and Hades (god of the Underworld) |
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Who is Zeus' wife? |
Zeus, like many aristocrats of the time, keeps many consorts and has one wife from an equal family (his own) Zeus' wife Hera is also his sister |
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Love affair of Ares and Aphrodite |
Aphrodite was married to Hephaestus, the crafstman god. She had an affair with Ares, was caught by Helios (the Sun god,) who informed her husband. Hephaestus set up a net around her bed to catch the two in the act, then summoned all of the other gods to view them. |
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Zeus (Roman name) |
Jupiter/Jove |
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Hera (Roman name) |
Juno |
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Poseidon (Roman name) |
Neptune |
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Athena (Roman name) |
Minerva |
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Aphrodite (Roman name) |
Venus |
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Ares (Roman name) |
Mars |
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Hephaestus (Roman name) |
Vulcan |
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Hermes (Roman name) |
Mercury |
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Cronus/Kronos (Latin name) |
Saturn |
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Mercurial |
Under the influence of Mercury Changeable |
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Martial |
Under the influence of Mars Military, war-loving |
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Jovial |
Under the influence of Jupiter/Jove Joyous, good-spirited |
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Saturnine |
Under the influence of Saturn Gloomy |
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Cardinal numbers |
Numbers, such as 3 or 11 or 412, used in counting to indicate quantity |
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Ordinal numbers |
Words like first, second, third which show the order in which objects are arranged |
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Etymology of "cardinal" |
Latin cardinalis, "serving as a hinge" Modern meaning: Of upmost importance |
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Etymology of "ordinal" |
Latin ordinalis, "order" |
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{semi} |
Half, partially |
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{uni} |
one |
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{du, bi} |
two (dual, bilateral) |
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{tri} |
three |
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{quadru/quadri/quadr} |
four |
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{quinqu/quinque} |
five |
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{sex} |
six |
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{sept/septem} |
seven |
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{octo/octi} |
eight |
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{nov/novem} |
nine |
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{dec/deci/decem} |
ten |
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{cent/centi} |
100 |
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{mill/milli} |
1,000 |
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{pleg} |
Paralysis ex. Quadriplegic; paralyzed in four limbs |
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{digit} |
Finger ex. A sexdigital person has six fingers on each hand |
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Roman calendar |
Began in the month of March, so October was the 8th month, December the 10th, etc. |
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{foli} |
Leaf ex. A quinquefoliate plant has five leaves |
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{cycle} |
Wheel. ex. A bicycle has two wheels |
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{pare/para/pari} |
Produce children ex. Parent; woman who bears eight children is an octipara |
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{later} |
Side ex. In a unilateral action, one side has participated |
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{pede/ped} |
Foot |
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{primo} |
1st |
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{second} |
2nd |
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{terti} |
3rd |
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{quart} |
4th |
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{quint} |
5th |
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{sext} |
6th |
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{sept} |
7th |
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{octav} |
8th |
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{non} |
9th |
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{decim/deci} |
10th |
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{centi} |
100th |
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{milli} |
1000th |
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{heno} |
1 |
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{duo/dy} |
2 |
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{tri} |
3 |
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{tetra/tetrad} |
4 |
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{pent/penta} |
5 |
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{hexa/hex} |
6 |
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{hept/hepta} |
7 |
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{octo} |
8 |
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{ennea/ennead} |
9 |
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{deca} |
10 |
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{hecto} |
100 |
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{kilo} |
1,000 |
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{cephal} |
Head ex. Something that is tricephalic has three heads |
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{prot/proto} |
First ex. Protomartyr in a cause was the first in the cause to be punished |
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{deuer/deutero} |
Second ex. Deuterogamy is a second marriage after death/divorce of the first spouse` |
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{gam} |
Marriage Ex. Polygamy |
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{nom} |
Law ex. Deuteronomy; name given to the fifth book of the Bible because in it the laws of Moses are described for the 2nd time |
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{mono} |
Single ex. Monoplane; one wing |
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{poly} |
Many/ Latin {multi} ex. Polygamy, multipara (more than one child borne) |
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{olig/oligo} |
Few. ex. Oligophagous; eats few foods |
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{pan} |
All ex. Panchromatic film; sensitive to all colors |
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{orama} |
Sight ex. Panorama; one can see all |
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{hemi} |
Half ex. Hemisphere; half of a sphere |
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Alumnus + plural |
Man who has attended an institution Alumni = two or more (when an association includes both male + female graduates, it is still called an Alumni institution) |
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Alumna + plural |
Female who has attended an institution Alumnae = two or more |
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Other irregular plurals with "-i" |
One nucleus, two nuclei One radius, two radii One focus, two foci One colossus, two colossi One stimulus, two stimuli One gladiolus, two gladioli |
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Other irregular plurals with "-ae" |
One persona, two personae One formula, two formulae One lacuna, two lacunae One vertebra, two vertabrae |
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Stratum + plural |
Stratum = a horizontal layer of sedimentary rock Strata = two or more |
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Other irregular plurals with "-a" |
One datum, two data One agendum, two agenda One millenium, two millenia One medium, two media One centennium, two centennia One memorandum, two memorandia |
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Analysis + plural |
One analysis, two analyses |
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Other irregular plurals with "-es" |
One index, two indexes One neurosis, several neuroses One psychosis, several psychoses One synopsis, several synopses One synthesis, several syntheses |
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Climactic vs. climatc |
Climactic = adjective form of climax, highest point Climatic = adjective form of climate, weather conditions in a given zone |
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Extant vs. extinct |
Extant = still existing Extinct = no longer existing |
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Official vs. officious |
Official = a person put in some position of authority Officious = Offers unnecessary/unwanted services |
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Mirable dictu |
Wonderful to say |
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Inter nos |
Between us |
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Corpus delicti |
Information about the corpse; proof that a crime has been committed |
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Habeas corpus |
Permission for an accused to be free before his examination Used to exist in the legal system as a way to make sure everyone was tried before they were jailed. Is largely ignored today |
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Nota bene |
Favorable letter/make careful note |
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Story of Demeter and Persephone |
Demeter = sister of Zeus, goddess of grain Daughter Persephone was taken by Hades to the Underworld to be his bride Persephone returns to the above world for 6 months of the year (Spring/Summer) and remains in the Underworld for 6mos (Winter/Fall) |
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Aeneas & reincarnation |
Aeneas witnessed souls being dipped in the River Styx and reformed in order to become future great Romans |
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Orpheus & Eurydice |
Orpheus' wife Eurydice dies, he asks Hades for permission to retrieve her from the Underworld Hades allows it but tells Orpheus not to look back on the journey; he does, and sees her being pulled back in |
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Hercules & the Underworld |
One of Hercules' 12 tasks was to retrieve Cerberus the 3-headed dog from the Underworld |
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Sisyphus/Sisyphean task |
Sisyphus was punished in the Underworld by having to eternally roll a boulder up a huge hill |
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Tantalus |
Tantalus was punished in the Underworld by being made to stand in a pool of water from which he cannot drink, under a fig tree which he cannot reach |
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Ceberus |
Three-headed guard dog of the Underworld |
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Charon |
Boatman/ferryman of the Underworld |
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Elysian Fields |
A beautiful place where great heroes may be dispatched to spend eternity instead of the Underworld |
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Lethe |
One of the five rivers of Hades' underworld (lethal, lethargic) |
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Styx |
One of the five rivers of Hades' underworld |
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Hermes Psychopomps/Mercury |
Greek:HermesPsychopompos= (soul-taker) picksup souls who have died, help guide them down into the Underworld Roman: Mercury, has differentresponsibilities |
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Hades and Persephone/Pluto and Prospenia |
King and Queen of the Underworld |
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Terms of Venery |
Venery = hunting Terms of venery = Names for groups of animals, toyed with for centuries by logophiles |