Cj Exam 2

Front 1

Death Penalty
Moral Arguments

Back 1

1. Death Penalty is Discriminatory
2. Innocent People are Executed
3. Death Penalty is for Revenge
4. Degrading to Human Dignity
5. Morally Wrong: Alternatives

Front 2

Duty
Kant

Back 2

- Theory of Duty
- Absolute Rules/Maxims
- Not concerned with consequences
- Motive--->Duty

Front 3

Duty
Categorical Imperative

Back 3

Commands and lays down a law
- Principle of Universality
- Respect for all Persons
- Kingdom of Ends

Front 4

Principle of Universality

Back 4

Absolute Rule

Front 5

Respect for all Persons

Back 5

Human dignity extends to all criminals

Front 6

Kingdom of Ends

Back 6

- Rational people so we act on our own
- Don't have people make your decisions for you

Front 7

Conflicting Duties

Back 7

- According to Kant there is no such thing
- To solve - go back to categorical imperative

Front 8

Utilitarianism

Back 8

Consequentialism

Front 9

Bentham

Back 9

- Act Consequentialism
- Rule Consequentialsim

Front 10

Act Consequentialism

Back 10

- Promotes greater happiness for all people
- Individual decisions made on a case by case basis

Front 11

Act Consequentialism Drawbacks

Back 11

- Time Consuming
- Hard to predict consequences
- No moral rule

Front 12

Rule Consequentialsim

Back 12

- Combine moral rules and consequences
- Certain rules produce more happiness
- Not case by case
- saves time

Front 13

Rule Consequentialism Drawbacks

Back 13

- Rules without exception is not consequentialism
- with exception = ACT consequentialism

Front 14

Critiques of Utilitarianism Theory

Back 14

- Doesn't treat people fairly
- It doesn't concern the individuals rights and needs
- Subordinate our priorities/ be more selfless

Front 15

Virtue Theory
Aristotle

Back 15

"Personal qualities that make us persons of excellent character"
- Doesn't look for any absolute rule, but asked the question: What kind of person should I be?

Front 16

Golden Mean

Back 16

Definition: In order to achieve happiness, a person ought to act moderately and attempt to find the mean between the two extremes

Front 17

Aristotle: Golden Mean

Back 17

Argued that the proper way to behave in an ethical or moral sense is in accordance with the mean

Front 18

Practical Wisdom:Application

Back 18

Those able to effectively deliberate about what is good in their life as a whole as opposed to what may just be expected

Front 19

Practical Wisdom: Definition

Back 19

Able to reason correctly about ethical matters and is someone who has the vision to see which is the correct course of action

Front 20

Critiques of Virtue Theory

Back 20

- Can't always be applied
- Golden Mean: what is the middle course between keeping a promise and not keeping one?
- Same with truth telling
Aristotle: ethics only for ruling class(privileged)

Front 21

Stoicism: Definition

Back 21

- One should learn to be indifferent to external differences
- People have power over events but not over your life
- Individualistic

Front 22

Stoicism: Practice

Back 22

- Living life accordance to nature. Live in accordance to our own human nature and we should live consistently with the nature of the universe we are a part of

Front 23

Psychological Hedonism

Back 23

People pursue pleasure and only pleasure in their lives and that all their activities are directed toward achieving pleasure and avoiding pain

Front 24

Ethical Hedonism

Back 24

The view that not only do people seek pleasure, but they ought to seek pleasure because pleasure alone is good
(Pursuit of pleasure is normative)

Front 25

Difference between Psychological and ethical Hedonism

Back 25

PH - every action is motivated by the search of pleasure
EH - Pursuit of Pleasure is normative

Front 26

Psychological Egoism

Back 26

All persons are egoist in the sense that our actions are always motivated by our own best interests

Front 27

Ethical Egoism

Back 27

"Promoting one's own greatest good is always to act in accordance with reason and morality
- Everyone ought to pursue his or her own interest exclusively

Front 28

Rawls

Back 28

Creating principles for society

Front 29

Principle of Justice

Back 29

1. Everyone has equal access to basic liberties
2. Social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are both
a. reasonably expected to be to everyone's advantage
b. attached to positions and offices open to all

Front 30

Difference Principle

Back 30

IF inequality benefits the least advantage, it's better
- Applies to all inequalities in primary social goods. Include all of the general features within a society and its structures that create unequal states of primary social goods

Front 31

Moral Development

Back 31

- Morality of Authority
- Morality of Association
- Morality of Principles

Front 32

Morality of Authority

Back 32

Parents will love their children and in doing so, will become the objects of their children's admiration. It will influence the child to develop a sense of their own value as well as a desire to emulate the parents

Front 33

Morality of Association

Back 33

The family itself is seen as a small association, with each member having right and duties and with the child being taught standards of behavior and he or she develops.
- Friendships

Front 34

Morality of Principles

Back 34

The child, having developed an attachment to certain individuals and communities, is likely to follow the moral standards that are reinforced by social approval and disapproval

Front 35

Kohlberg Theory of Moral Development

Back 35

- Heinz's Dilemma
- Kohlberg wanted to understand why people would break a written law for a purpose they held to be a higher good

Front 36

Pre-conventional Morality

Back 36

The emphasis is on the self and on self-interest

Front 37

Conventional Morality

Back 37

The emphasis is on society and conformity to social rules

Front 38

Post-conventional Morality

Back 38

People exercise internalized principles of ethics and develop personal conscience

Front 39

Gilligan's Theory of Moral Development

Back 39

- Individual Survival
- Goodness as Self-Sacrifice
- Morality of Non-violence

Front 40

Individual Survival

Back 40

Moral considerations are relevant only when one's own needs are in conflict

Front 41

Goodness as Self-Sacrifice

Back 41

Goodness becomes identified with self-sacrifice, being a good person involves taking care of other people(family) at the expense of oneself

Front 42

Morality of Non-violence

Back 42

Moral goodness is seen as caring for both oneself and for others
- Care become "universal obligation"
- Condemns exploitation and hurt
- Morality is primarily about caring

Front 43

Peacemaking Aspects

Back 43

- Connectiveness
- Caring
- Mindfulness

Front 44

Connectiveness

Back 44

We are connected to all other human beings, animals, and the environment

Front 45

Caring

Back 45

Focus on "caring for" and "relationships with others"

Front 46

Mindfulness

Back 46

Thinking about our actions and the needs of others in the long term and acting in ways that demonstrate our knowledge of the correct thing to do in the long term

Front 47

Peacemaking Pyramid

Back 47

Categorical Imperative
Ascertainable Criteria
Correct Means
Inclusion
Social Justice
Non-Violence