Cj 101 Final

Front 1

The criminal justice system in the United States most closely resembles the inquisitorial system of justice used in France rather than the adversarial system of justice used in England.

Back 1

FALSE

Front 2

Early criminal justice policy (e.g. ancient times through much of the 13th century) was administered by:

Back 2

Individual victims and their families

Front 3

If an offender went on a crime spree and committed the following crimes in this order, unarmed robbery, kidnapping, burglary, motor vehicle theft, and a homicide, the UCR would count the following crime(s) in their statistics: (Hint: Hierarchy Rule)

Back 3

Homicide

Front 4

Deviance refers to human behaviors or actions that are considered by others to be wrong, bad, or inappropriate.

Back 4

TRUE

Front 5

Which of the following is not an example of informal social control?

Back 5

Arrest

Front 6

Burglary is classified as a violent crime

Back 6

TRUE

Front 7

This philosophical school of thought is based on the view that human behavior is influenced by conditions and situations external to individuals.

Back 7

Positivist School

Front 8

In this form of homicide, the death of a human being results from a "provoked" crime or one committed "in the heat of passion".

Back 8

Voluntary Manslaughter

Front 9

This form of homicide is commonly distinguished from others due to the fact that the mens rea of the perpetrator is considered "malice aforethought".

Back 9

First-Degree Homicide

Front 10

This form of homicide is often defined differently by jurisdiction but often is considered to be the unintentional killing of another human being in the course of extremely harmful conduct.

Back 10

Second-Degree Homicide

Front 11

In this form of homicide, the reckless behavior of an individual results in the unintentional killing of another.

Back 11

Involuntary Manslaughter

Front 12

In aggregate terms, this type of crime results in more societal harms than all other forms of crime:

Back 12

White Collar Crimes

Front 13

This type of crime is generally less serious and punishable by a fine or a jail sentence of less than one year.

Back 13

Misdemeanor

Front 14

This philosophical school of thought assumes that humans possess free will and that they always engage in behaviors based on rational thought.

Back 14

Classical School

Front 15

Human behaviors or actions that are considered to be evil in and of themselves are referred to as acts of:

Back 15

Mala in Se

Front 16

Most calls to police involve this primary police role:

Back 16

Order Maintenance

Front 17

This type of private policing involves a company/person hiring security forces from another company rather than employing their own security force:

Back 17

Contract

Front 18

The police is the only social institution that has a general mandate to use force for the common good.

Back 18

True

Front 19

What is the primary goal of both the Department of Homeland Security and the Federal Bureau of Investigation?

Back 19

Prevent a terrorist attack

Front 20

The professional era of policing was was abandoned primarily in favor of community-oriented policing.

Back 20

True

Front 21

Which federal agency listed below does NOT train its personnel at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC).

Back 21

Drug Enforcement Administration

Front 22

This model of policing is characterized by greater reliance on crime-prevention, proactive policing, increased public accountability, and a decentralization of command

Back 22

Community-Oriented Policing

Front 23

D.A.R.E. is an example of which primary role of the police?

Back 23

Service

Front 24

This is not one of the four main roles of police:

Back 24

Decision Making

Front 25

This group is referred to as the "gatekeepers" of the criminal justice system.

Back 25

Police

Front 26

The basic foundations for American law enforcement and criminal justice originated in:

Back 26

England

Front 27

Which of the following is NOT a function of detective work in large departments with specialized units?

Back 27

Patrolling

Front 28

Police recruits go through an extensive selection process. Which of the following steps is required more often than any other in a majority of police agencies in the United States?

Back 28

Psychological Evaluation

Front 29

In this type of patrol, officers make numerous stops and field interrogations, often for very minor offenses:

Back 29

Aggressive Patrol

Front 30

According to the text and class lecture, police officers are not likely to have a significant amount of job related stress

Back 30

False

Front 32

In responding to domestic violence situations, police officers often have a great deal of discretion. When officers choose to counsel parties involved in a domestic dispute in order to de-escalate a situation, it is referred to as this:

Back 32

Mediation

Front 33

This factor, which is one of many that may influence police officer discretion, is a reference to the wishes of the victim and whether he/she wants to press formal charges, handle the crime informally, or ignore the crime.

Back 33

Victim Preference

Front 34

Hispanics generally have less favorable perceptions of police than whites or blacks.

Back 34

False

Front 35

Which of the following U.S. Supreme Court decisions severely restricted the police use of deadly force?

Back 35

Tennessee v. Garner

Front 36

Which “I” of police selection involves resisting the temptation of corruption?

Back 36

Integrity

Front 37

When police officers make arrests for every violation of the law (no matter how minor or insignificant), it is referred to as this:

Back 37

Full Enforcement

Front 38

Determination of liability in civil court

Back 38

Preponderance of Evidence

Front 39

No action

Back 39

Mere Suspicion

Front 40

Claim of insanity in federal court

Back 40

Clear and Convincing Evidence

Front 41

For an officer to legally perform stop and frisk there must be...

Back 41

Reasonable Suspicion

Front 42

To result in search and/or arrest there must be...

Back 42

Probable Cause

Front 43

To determine guilt in criminal court this must exist..

Back 43

Beyond a Reasonable Doubt

Front 44

The 6th Amendment guarantees U.S. citizens protection from cruel and unusual punishments.

Back 44

False

Front 45

The 14th Amendment is intended to protect U.S. citizens from being deprived of their Constitutional due process rights by states or local governments.

Back 45

True

Front 46

Which amendment provides no compelled self-incrimination

Back 46

5th Amendment

Front 47

Which amendments grants assistance of counsel

Back 47

6th Amendment

Front 48

Freedom from unreasonable search and seizure

Back 48

4th Amendment

Front 49

Which amendment provides no excessive bail and fines?

Back 49

8th Amendment

Front 50

Stare Decisis refers to the process by which court decisions create precedent regarding how existing laws will be applied in future cases.

Back 50

True

Front 51

In order to be convicted in a criminal court of law, the prosecution must prove the defendant is guilty by the preponderance of evidence.

Back 51

False

Front 52

Which Constitutional Amendment provides U.S. citizens protections from unreasonable searches and seizures?

Back 52

4th Amendment

Front 53

This Constitutional Amendment grants U.S. citizens protection from Double Jeopardy.

Back 53

5th Amendment

Front 54

This is referred to as the deciding of a specific legal question based on previous case law decisions:

Back 54

Stare Decisis

Front 55

The 5th amendment guarantees all of the following procedural rights except:

Back 55

Confront opposing witnesses

Front 56

In order for a police officer to legally stop and frisk an individual, he or she needs which of the following as a minimum evidentiary standard.

Back 56

Reasonable Suspicion

Front 57

U.S. Law is derived primarily from which older legal form?

Back 57

English Law

Front 58

How many jurors need not agree in deliberations in order to have a hung jury?

Back 58

1

Front 59

The current Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court is:

Back 59

John Roberts

Front 60

This type of trial occurs when only the judge decides the outcome of the case.

Back 60

Bench

Front 61

A written order from the U.S. Supreme Court to a lower court to send the records of a case forward for review is called a(n):

Back 61

Writ of certiorari

Front 62

Most jurors are generally selected from this:

Back 62

Voter Registration Lists

Front 63

Created in 1968, this type of federal judge was formed in order to help ease the burden on the U.S. District Courts. These judges often hear misdemeanor, petty offense, and civil consent cases, as well as deal with preliminary hearings, pretrial motions, and the issuing of warrants for federal agencies.

Back 63

Federal Magistrate

Front 64

Generally, a presentence investigation report (PSI) is prepared by a:

Back 64

Probation Officer

Front 65

The removal of jurors from possible outside influences for the duration of the trial or deliberation is called:

Back 65

Sequestration

Front 66

Which of the following courts has both original and appellate jurisdiction.

Back 66

United States Supreme Court

Front 67

If the prosecutor decides not to prosecute a case, he/she enters a:

Back 67

Notation of Nolle Prosequi

Front 68

A defense attorney that is assigned to courtrooms, not clients, and provides counsel for indigent offenders is called a:

Back 68

Public Defender

Front 69

The dual court system means that in the U.S. there are separate courts for ___________ and ___________ cases.

Back 69

state; federal

Front 70

This is the process through which a petit jury is chosen from a larger group of potential jurors:

Back 70

Voir Dire

Front 71

Indigent defense systems were created to provide legal assistance for those who cannot afford their own attorney.

Back 71

True

Front 72

A majority of people on death row have been convicted of killing this type of victim.

Back 72

White

Front 73

Which of the following is not one of the top three states for total number of executions since 1976?

Back 73

California

Front 74

This is the most common method of execution currently in use in the United States

Back 74

Lethal Injection

Front 75

The process by which a juvenile is moved from the juvenile court system to the adult criminal court system is called:

Back 75

Waiver

Front 76

What region of the United States has the lowest rate of executions?

Back 76

Northeast

Front 77

Official legal complaints filed against individuals in juvenile court are referred to as petitions.

Back 77

True

Front 78

In this decision, the U.S. Supreme Court effectively limited capital punishment to offenders who are 18 years of age or older at the time of their offense(s) (in other words, this outlawed the execution of juvenile offenders).

Back 78

Roper v. Simmons (2005)

Front 79

This is the punishment/sentencing philosophy that focuses on preventing the population at large from committing crimes by making an example out of an offender.

Back 79

General Deterrence

Front 80

This is the type of sentence that most often occurs for convicted offenders who are not fit for traditional probation or incarceration:

Back 80

Intermediate sanctions

Front 81

In this type of determinate sentencing, judges retain some sentencing discretion, but legislatures or commissions determine the range of the sentence for different types of crimes.

Back 81

Presumptive Sentencing

Front 82

In this type of determinate sentencing, a certain amount of the sentence must be served before release (hint: offenders usually must serve 85% of their sentence before they can be released).

Back 82

Truth-in-Sentencing

Front 83

When a juvenile commits an act that would not be a crime if committed by an adult it is called a(n):

Back 83

Status Offense

Front 84

With the exception of this country, all major United States allies have abolished the death penalty?

Back 84

Japan

Front 85

This is commonly referred to as the first official prison in the United States:

Back 85

Walnut Street Prison

Front 86

The Pennsylvania system of penology involved keeping inmates isolated in solitary cells in order for them to study religion and work in solitude.

Back 86

True

Front 87

This type of institution involves having people work on farms, camps, ranches, or at vocational training centers rather than in the prison (hint: many European countries use these):

Back 87

Open Institution

Front 88

Prior to the 1600s, jails were primarily used for the following purposes except:

Back 88

Punishing lawbreakers

Front 89

A majority of prisoners in state facilities have been convicted of:

Back 89

Violent Offenses

Front 90

The average cost of incarceration per prisoner per year in the United States is roughly:

Back 90

$24,655

Front 91

According to the text, what was the name of the institution which abolished the rule of silence and utilized noncorporal methods of discipline that made use of rewards?

Back 91

Elmira Reformatory

Front 92

This prison gang originated as an urban street gang in Los Angeles in the 1950s:

Back 92

Mexican Mafia

Front 93

The Martinson Report provided justification for abandoning the philosophy of rehabilitation

Back 93

True

Front 94

A majority of prisoners in federal facilities have been convicted of:

Back 94

Drug-Related Offenses

Front 95

The only federal super-max prison in the United States is located in:

Back 95

Colorado (ADX Florence)

Front 96

What is the current era of punishment in America?

Back 96

Era of Retribution

Front 97

A majority of prison inmates are held in minimum to medium security prisons

Back 97

True

Front 98

Prior to premodern Western Societies and colonial America, imprisonment was primarily:

Back 98

Used for holding the offender until they were to be punished

Front 99

Returning to illegal activity after release from criminal justice supervision is called:

Back 99

Recidivism

Front 100

Approximately this fraction of inmates released from prisons are rearrested for a new offense within three years of their release:

Back 100

2/3

Front 101

This theory holds that the inmate society is shaped by factors external to the prison environment, including the pre-prison experiences and socialization patterns inmates bring with them when they enter prison:

Back 101

Importation

Front 102

In certain jurisdictions, prison inmates can retain their voting rights.

Back 102

True

Front 103

Which of the following prisons is not located in the state of California:

Back 103

Attica

Front 104

This United States Supreme Court decision held that prisoners have a first amendment right to the free exercise of religion (hint: this court case also stopped the “hands-off” doctrine):

Back 104

Cooper v. Pate (1964)

Front 105

Females often create pseudofamilies in prison to mimic their relationships outside of prison and to obtain more emotional and social support in prison.

Back 105

True

Front 106

The term STG refers to this:

Back 106

A prison gang

Front 107

The values, norms, and roles that regulate the way residents interact with each other and with staff are referred to as:

Back 107

The Convict Code

Front 108

La Nuestra Familia is the name given to the immediate family members of an inmate.

Back 108

False

Front 109

This United States Supreme Court decision held that jailhouse lawyers must be permitted to assist inmates in preparing cases unless the government provides a reasonable alternative:

Back 109

Johnson v. Avery (1969)

Front 110

Items used to break a rule of an institution or assist in an escape attempt are referred to as:

Back 110

Contraband

Front 111

Jailhouse lawyers are

Back 111

Inmates

Front 112

Alexander Maconochie’s “mark system” only lasted a few years because it _____________.

Back 112

was politically unpopular

Front 113

Which of the following is not a type of probation:

Back 113

Temporary Probation

Front 114

The repeal of a probation or parole sentence and the substitution of a more restrictive sentence because of a violation of the conditions of parole/probation is called a:

Back 114

Technical Violation

Front 115

This superintendent of Elmira Reformatory was among the first in the U.S. to allow inmates the opportunity for early release after they demonstrate good behavior and accumulate marks by participating in various insititutional programs or services:

Back 115

Zebulon Brockway

Front 116

Net-widening is an unintended consequence and subsequent disadvantage of intermediate sanctions.

Back 116

True

Front 117

Which of the following is an issue that inmates have to face after leaving prison?

Back 117

All are issues inmates face upon leaving prison

Front 118

Community corrections supervises roughly _______ of the total correctional population and receives roughly_______ of the total correctional budget

Back 118

70%; 20%

Front 119

What is the investigation report conducted by the probation officer after the defendant has been found guilty?

Back 119

Presentence report

Front 120

Approximately this percentage of prisoners will be released from prison

Back 120

90%

Front 121

Which of the following refers to organized and systematic efforts to remove people from the criminal justice process by placing them in programs that offer alternatives in lieu of a prison/jail sentence:

Back 121

Diversion

Front 122

This sanction involves using residential facilities that are less secure and restrictive than a prison, but provide a more controlled environment than other community sanctions:

Back 122

Halfway House/CBCF

Front 123

Probationers tend to have a higher recidivism rate than those individuals released from prison.

Back 123

False

Front 124

Parole differs from probation in that it is given to offenders by a parole board after serving time in prison, and because it is not issued as a sentence.

Back 124

True

Front 125

MO State Supreme Court # of Justices

Back 125

7

Front 126

Facts or situations that reduce degree of blame worthiness

Back 126

Mitigating

Front 127

Supreme court case establishing need of proof beyond a reasonable doubt to adjudicate juveniles

Back 127

In Re Winship

Front 128

Court case where decision of death penalty was to be used only when crime resulted in death of victim

Back 128

Kennedy v. Louisiana (2008)

Front 129

Court case invalidated state execution statutes (Death penalty moratorium) and removed 600 people from death row.

Back 129

Furman v. Georgia

Front 130

Crimes unknown to public and not on UCR

Back 130

Dark Figure

Front 131

CJ system is composed of these 3 primary components

Back 131

Cops, Courts, Corrections

Front 132

SARA stands for

Back 132

Scanning, Analysis, Response, Assessment

Front 133

Wilson's operational type that focuses on helping people w/non-crime related problems

Back 133

service

Front 134

Model emphasizes possible errors in stages of CJS and interested in protecting individual rights

Back 134

Due Process Model

Front 135

Factor affecting discretion involves how the offender treats the officer

Back 135

Suspect Demeanor

Front 136

3 primary methods of measuring a crime

Back 136

Victim Survey, Official Data, Self-report surveys

Front 137

Federal Judges get into power by

Back 137

nomination of the President and confirmation of the Senate

Front 138

Court case where right to waiver case from juvenile to adult court

Back 138

Kent v. U.S. (1966)

Front 139

Jury selection process is also known as:

Back 139

Voir Dire