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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
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February 4th 1861 |
50 delegates from 7 Southern states @Montgomery to launch the CSA. Tried to project a moderate image (initially) to win support of upper south & foreign recognition. CSA Constitution ~1787 Constitution Protected slavery Guaranteed state rights |
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February 9th 1861 |
Jefferson Davis (MS) elected prov. President. |
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By March 1861, Fort Sumter became the symbol of... (for both sides) |
National sovereignty |
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Lincoln's inaugural address key points |
Pledged not to interfere with existing slavery, and secession is unconstitutional. CSA states had no right to secede. |
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How many states already left the Union prior to Fort Sumter? |
7 By February 1861, seven Southern states had seceded. On February 4 of that year, representatives from South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia and Louisiana met in Montgomery, Alabama, with representatives from Texas arriving later, to form the Confederate States of America.Former secretary of war, military man and then-Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis was elected Confederate president. Ex-Georgia governor, congressman and former anti-secessionist Alexander H. Stephens became vice-president of the Confederate States of America. |
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April 4th 1861 |
Lincoln informed Anderson a relief expedition ("provision") would be sent to re-supply Fort Sumter -- left for Charleston on April 9th. |
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April 9 - 13th 1861 |
9th: Davis --> cabinet meeting, felt a crisis would bring the upper South into the CSA. Issued Sumter taken before resupplied. 11th: Gen. Beauregard (CSA commander) demanded Sumter's surrender; Anderson refused. 12th, 4:30am: opening shots fired, Fort S. maintained for 33 hrs, no deaths; Anderson surrendered the following day. *CIV. WAR BEGINS* |
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Southern states that joined the CSA after Fort Sumter? |
April: Virginia (largely populated, had Richmond, industrial capacity of 7 CSA states combined) May: Arkansas & North Carolina June: Tennessee |
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Virginia joined the CSA: |
Most Virginians sympathized w/ the CSA. State convention voted 88 to 55 to support Southern "brothers". Referendum ratified decision with ~128,000 to ~32,000 for secession. |
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What were the border states? |
Missouri Kentucky Delaware Maryland |
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Why were the border states important? |
- More men for Union - If border states left, Southern manufaturing would double (South reliant on border states) - Protecc D.C. (and North) from South |
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How did Lincoln maintain border states? |
- Martial law in Maryland - Guerilla warfare in Missouri - Suppressed writ of Habeas Corpus in some states. |
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Why did Lincoln (initially) proclaim he wasn't fighting for an abolitionist cause? |
1. Secession was illegal & unconstitutional, hence the South never really left -- it only "rebelled" within southern states that "left". 2. Needed support of border states 3. Fear of white Northerners (of emancipation) 4. Political concerns: Northern Democrates |
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August 1861: Confiscation Act? |
Slaves used for "insurrecting purposes" declared free |
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What were initial Northern advantages? |
Industrial resources & capacity: in 1860 the North produced 97% of U.S. firearms & 94% pig iron Transportation: 70% of railways (×2 of South) Population: 22M in North (versus 9M in South with only 5.5 whites) - Naval supremacy - Established (fed.) Govt. - Most army men were loyal to the Union - Later Emancipation (+benefits) - Had border (slave) states // *see border state strengths* - Pockets of Unionism existed, esp. in Appalachians -- CSA suffered major setback when West Virginia broke off from Virginia in 1861 |
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Northern initial disadvantages? (4L's) |
- Lack of leadership - Lack of purpose - Longer lines of communication to maintain; not fighting on own land - Lincoln a lawyer than commander (practiced law for 17 yrs); not quite war-prepped! |
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Southern initial advantages? |
Cotton diplomacy: hoped they would receive foreign support / international recognition (but no); exported cotton internationay, esp. to England. Size: fought on their own land so maintained shorter lines of communication & large CSA made it difficult to conquer or blockade --> 3,500 miles coastline - Fought on defense - Had purpose (Southern lifestyle & honor) thus "spirit" - Experienced military officials - American War of Independence & Texas-Mexican war (1836) suggested a determined "David" could defeat "Goliath" |
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Southern initial disadvantages? |
- No navy - No govt. structure (independence & state rights made CSA hard to deal with) Poorly equipped: - weak economy - no major rail system and only 30% of RRs - little / no manufacturing (South quite agricultural) |
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Why did the aims of war shift to emancipation? |
Military benefit: - liberating slaves undermined Southern socio-economic foundations and war morales - more men for North - more difficult for South Ideological: right thing to do + radical Republicans pressured L. to make it a war on slavery: - C. Sumner - T. Stevens - B. Wade Lincoln was an abolitionist (personally) + rise of abolitionism - Undermine Southern honor / institution / way of life - GB support |
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Emancipation Proclamation (1862/63) |
September 1862: Battle of Antietam -
January 1st 1863: came into effect
The EP: - freed slaves in "rebel" territory (BUT not in border states) - strengthened the Northern moral cause (not just war agaist secession but also slavery which is OBVIOUSLY very wrong anyways) - helped keep Europe (esp. Britain) frim aiding CSA - more Union soldiers! |
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Any downsides to the EP? |
The North still had no authority in the CSA and EP didn't apply to border states; slavery still existed. |
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Legal Tender Act (1862) |
Passed February 25th 1862 Allowed for the printing of Greenbacks (not backed by gold / silver). |
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National Bank Act (1863) |
Also February 25th 1862 Established financial health and well-being; also a financial landmark that sought to establish a unified banking system, float federal war loans and establish a national currency. Predecessor to the Federal Reserve Act (WW - 1913) |
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Homestead Act (1862) |
Signed into law: May 20th 1862 - Sale of land in the West - Encouraged settlement Later to play a key role in Westward Expansion |
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Pacific Railroad Act (1862) |
Signed into law: July 1st 1862 Established northern route of transcontinental railroad. |
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July 17th 1862: 2nd Confiscation Act |
Freed all slaves emancipated by anybody engaged in rebellion; part of slow, indirect emancipation(?) |
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September 1862: Battle of Antietam |
Lee retreated and Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation justified as a necessary "military measure". |
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March 1863 Conscription Act |
1st Northern draft: Conscription Act - all men 20-45 must be drafted
- Unfair to poor: "$300 men" subs. (South had "20 negro law") |
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July 1863: NYC draft riots |
- Mobs of Irish-Americans attacked wealthy Americans & blacks (blamed for causing war) |
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Why was there a Republican majority in Congress during the War? |
When the South left the Union, they forfeit their right to political power in Congress. This allowed the North / Republicans to get things done without Southern opposition (and use federal powers). |
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Impact of the CW: |
- 720,000 lives lost (more than any war combined for U.S.) - Southern economy destroyed - Mass-industrialization of North - Republican laws passed - Democracy survived, yes - 4 million slaves freed by the 13th Amendment - Grant's rise to Presidency RECONSTRUCTION |
