Cissp: Security Architecture And Design, Computer Architecture

Front 1

ISO/IEC 42010:2007

Back 1

ISO Standard: Systems and software engineering—
Architecture description

Front 2

architecture

Back 2

Fundamental organization of a system embodied in its
components, their relationships to each other and to the environment,
and the principles guiding its design and evolution.

Front 3

architectural description (AD)

Back 3

Collection of document types to convey an
architecture in a formal manner

Front 4

stakeholder

Back 4

Individual, team, or organization (or classes thereof) with
interests in, or concerns relative to, a system.

Front 5

view

Back 5

Representation of a whole system from the perspective of a related set
of concerns.

Front 6

viewpoint

Back 6

A specification of the conventions for constructing and using a view.
A template from which to develop individual views by establishing the purposes
and audience for a view and the techniques for its creation and analysis

Front 7

Computer architecture

Back 7

encompasses all of the parts of a computer system that are
necessary for it to function, including the operating system, memory chips, logic circuits,
storage devices, input and output devices, security components, buses, and networking
interfaces.

Front 8

central processing unit (CPU)

Back 8

A silicon component made up of
integrated chips with millions of transistors that carry out the execution
of instructions within a computer.

Front 9

register

Back 9

Small, temporary memory storage units integrated and used
by the CPU during its processing functions.

Front 10

Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)

Back 10

Component of the CPU that carries
out logic and mathematical functions as they are laid out in the
programming code being processed by the CPU.

Front 11

control unit

Back 11

Part of the CPU that oversees the collection of
instructions and data from memory and how they are passed to the
processing components of the CPU.

Front 12

general registers

Back 12

Temporary memory location the CPU uses during
its processes of executing instructions. The ALU’s “scratch pad” it uses
while carrying out logic and math functions

Front 13

special registers

Back 13

Temporary memory location that holds critical
processing parameters. They hold values as in the program counter,
stack pointer, and program status word.

Front 14

program counter

Back 14

Holds the memory address for the following
instructions the CPU needs to act upon.

Front 15

stack

Back 15

Memory segment used by processes to communicate
instructions and data to each other.

Front 16

Program status word

Back 16

Condition variable that indicates to the CPU
what mode (kernel or user) instructions need to be carried out in

Front 17

User mode (problem state)

Back 17

Protection mode that a CPU works
within when carrying out less trusted process instructions.

Front 18

Kernel mode (supervisory state, privilege mode)

Back 18

Mode that a CPU
works within when carrying out more trusted process instructions. The
process has access to more computer resources when working in kernel
versus user mode.

Front 19

Address bus

Back 19

Physical connections between processing components
and memory segments used to communicate the physical memory
addresses being used during processing procedures.

Front 20

Data bus

Back 20

Physical connections between processing components and memory segments used to transmit data being used during processing
procedures.

Front 21

Symmetric mode multiprocessing

Back 21

When a computer has two or
more CPUs and each CPU is being used in a load-balancing method.

Front 22

Asymmetric mode multiprocessing

Back 22

When a computer has two or
more CPUs and one CPU is dedicated to a specific program while the
other CPUs carry out general processing procedures.

Front 23

process

Back 23

Program loaded in memory within an operating system.

Front 24

multiprogramming

Back 24

Interleaved execution of more than one program
(process) or task by a single operating system.

Front 25

Multitasking

Back 25

Simultaneous execution of more than one program
(process) or task by a single operating system.

Front 26

Cooperative multitasking

Back 26

Multitasking scheduling scheme used by
older operating systems to allow for computer resource time slicing.
Processes had too much control over resources, which would allow for
the programs or systems to “hang.”

Front 27

Preemptive multitasking

Back 27

Multitasking scheduling scheme used by
operating systems to allow for computer resource time slicing. Used
in newer, more stable operating systems.

Front 28

Process states (ready, running, blocked)

Back 28

Processes can be in various
activity levels. Ready = waiting for input. Running = instructions being
executed by CPU. Blocked = process is “suspended.”

Front 29

Interrupts

Back 29

Values assigned to computer components (hardware and
software) to allow for efficient computer resource time slicing.

Front 30

Maskable interrupt

Back 30

Interrupt value assigned to a noncritical
operating system activity.

Front 31

Nonmaskable interrupt

Back 31

Interrupt value assigned to a critical
operating system activity.

Front 32

Thread

Back 32

Instruction set generated by a process when it has a specific
activity that needs to be carried out by an operating system. When the
activity is finished, it is destroyed.

Front 33

Multithreading

Back 33

Applications that can carry out multiple activities
simultaneously by generating different instruction sets (threads).

Front 34

Software deadlock

Back 34

Two processes cannot complete their activities
because they are both waiting for system resources to be released.