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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Transport Systems in Plants:
4 types |
- Xylem
- Phloem - Cambium - Roots |
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Transport Systems in Plants: Xylem
what is it? what do they transport? two types of xylem cells? what is the outerlayer of the xylem called? how is water rising in xylem explained? |
- thick-walled, often hollow cells located on inside of vascular bundle.
> carry water and minerals UP plant > give plant its support. > vessel cells and tracheids. > sapwood - 3 reasonings: > Transpiration Pull - water evaporates from leaves. > Capillary Action - thin tube, liquid rises due to surface tension. > Root Pressure - water entering root hairs exerts pressure. |
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Transport Systems in Plants: Phloem
what is it? what does it transport? what direction? cell types? |
- thin-walled cells on outside of vascular bundle.
> living cells > sieve tube and companion cells. - transport nutrients DOWN stem. |
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Transport Systems in Plants: Cambium
- what are they? what do they become? - going from outside of plant inward, layers: |
- 2 layers thick, actively dividing.
> give rise to xylem and phloem cells. > cells next to tissue, become that tissue (proximal dictation). - epidermis > cortex > phloem > cambium > xylem > pith |
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Transport Systems in Plants: Roots
purpose? |
- absorb material through root hairs and anchor plant
> root hairs are specialized cells of root epidermis. > increase S.A, of absorption. |
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Circulation in Invertebrates
Invertebrate classes (4) |
- Protozoans
- Cnidarians - Annelida - Arthropoda |
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Circulation in Invertebrates: Protozoans and Cnidarians
Protozoans? Cnidarians? |
- simple diffusion within the cell
- all cells are in direct contact with internal/external environment. no need for specialized circulatory system. |
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Circulation in Invertebrates: Arthropoda and Annelida
Arthropods? Annelids? |
- open circulatory systems with blood that is in direct contact with body tissues.
> blood is circulated mainly by body movement. > blood flows through DORSAL VESSEL into sinuses, this is where Exchange occurs. - closed circulatory system to deliver stuff to cells that are not in direct contact with external environment. > blood confined to blood vessels. moves toward head through dorsal vessel (main heart). > 5 pairs of vessels (aortic loop) connect dorsal vessel to ventral vessel. > have no red blood cells! but has hemoglobin-like pigment. |
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Functions of the Circulatory System in Humans
2 main functions Whats important about CO2 blood cell types |
1. Transport Of Gases
> erythrocytes transport O2 (hemoglobin binds it, it also binds CO2 after O2 dissociates). > CO2 is important reactant for bicarbonate buffering system. > this helps accomodate differing pH levels in body. 2. Transport Of Nutrients and Waste > A.A.'s and sugars absorbed into bloodstream from intestinal capillaries > then transported through body, and processed, so waste products diffuse into capillaries from cells. |
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Circulation in Humans: Adult Circulation
pathway |
- muscular four-chambered heart
- pulmonary vein delivers oxy. blood (from lungs) > left atrium > left ventricle > Aorta > Aortic Arteries > Arterioles > capillaries-exchange > venules > veins > inferior Vena Cava > superior Vena Cava > right atrium > right ventricl > pulmonary artery (into lungs as deoxy blood) REPEAT |
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Circulation in Humans: Fetal Circulation
special differences form adult? |
- Foramen Ovale - connection between left/right atrium
> shunts blood from right ventricle to left atrium > reason? to prevent blood entering pulmonary circ. - Ductus Arteriosus- duct btwn aorta and pulm. artery > prevents any blood that foramen ovale missed. - Ductus Venosus - duct btwn umbilical vein to inferior vena cava > moves oxy blood from umbilical vein to I.V.C. > enables blood to bypass liver and travel directly to brain. |
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Circulatory Components: Heart
left vs. right? atria vs. ventricles? |
- right pumps deoxy blood into pulmonary circulation
- left pumps oxy blood into systemic circulation - atria thin walled, ventricles thick and muscular for pumping mechanism. |
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Circulatory Components: Blood Vessels
3 main types > structure? > purpose? > which one has the biggest diameter? |
- Arteries - thick, muscular walled, elastic
> take oxy blood AWAY from heart (except pul art.) - Veins - thin-walled, inelastic > take deoxy blood TO heart (except pulm. vein) - Capillaries - thin walls of single cell layer of endothel. > let respiratory gases, waste, nutrients across. > have smallest diameter of all 3 types. |
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Circulatory Components: Lymph Vessels
what does it transport? what purpose does this have? what are along the vessels? |
- excess interstitial fluid (lymph)
> helps maintain constant fluid levels in body. - lymph nodes - swellings filled with leukocytes > filter lymph, destroy foreign particles/pathogens. |
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Circulatory Components: Blood
3 types of blood cellular components what is the liquid portion of blood? |
Cells:
- erythrocytes - Leukocytes - Platelets - PLASMA, it contains nutrients, salts, gases, wastes, hormones, blood proteins (albumin, immunoglobulin, fibrinogen). |
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Blood: Erythrocytes
purpose? molecule changes? where do they come from? |
- oxygen carriers of blood.
> 1 hemoglobin = binds 4 O2 molecules > hemoglobin >>(binds O2) >> oxyhemoglobin > disc-like shape = increased: S.A.,G.E., and moving - formed from stem cells in bone marrow > lose: nuclei, mitochondria, organelles > become mature RBC's |
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Blood: Leukocytes
1st type of WBC? what does it do? 2nd type of WBC? what does it do? 3rd type of WBC? what does it do? |
- regular WBC, phago. foreign matter and organisms.
- migrates to tissue (matures into Macrophage) > stationary cells > phagocytize pathogens or activate Immune resp. - Lymphocytes - involved in immune response > produce antibodies (B cells) > cytolyse infected cells (T cells) |
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Blood: Platelets
purpose? pathway? |
- cell fragments that lac nuclei
> involved in clot formation in response to tissue injury pathway: > Platelets contact exposed collagen of a damaged vessel. > release clotting factor (thromboplastin) > prothrombin (inactive) >>> thrombin (active) > fibrinogen (inactive) >>> fibrin > coats damaged area, trap blood cells. form clot. |
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Immunological Reactions
2 specific defense mechanisms what key blood cell type is part of both of this reactions? |
- Humoral Immunity (Specific)
> production of antibodies - cell-mediated immunity (specific) > cells that fight fungal/viral infections. - lymphocytes. |
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Immunological Reactions: Humoral Immunity
method? important cells? antibody methods? 1 and 2 |
- responsible for proliferation of antibodies following antigen exposure.
- B cells - release antibodies that recognize and bind to specific antigens and trigger Immune response to remove them. - methods: > attract leukocytes to phagocytize antigen directly. > cause antigens to clump, make large insoluble mass, get removed by phago cells. |
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Immunological Reactions: Active immunity
how is it conferred? is it immediately effective? |
- through vaccination - weak inactive antigen injected, stimulates immune system to produce specific antibodies.
- takes time to build up - specific |
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Immunological Reactions: Passive Immunity
how conferred? is it immediate? example? |
- Use of foreign antibodies by other organism
> immediate, short-lived, lasting only as long as antibodies circulated. > not very specific - gammaglobulins - fraction of blood containing lots of antibodies, can be used to confer temporary protection against hep. and other diseases. |
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Immunological Reactions: Cell-Mediated Immunity
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- Specific
- antigen-specific T cells mediate attack > use: Activated Macrophages NK cells Cytokines instead of antibodies |
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Immunological Reactions: Non-specific Defense mechs.
5 types in the inflammatory response, what cell type is attracted to injured region? |
- skin - physical barrier, sweat has enzyme that attacks bacterial cell walls.
- mucous coating - filter and trap - macrophages - engulf and destroy. - inflammatory response > injured cells release histamine > blood vessels DILATE > INCREASED blood flow to damaged region > Granulocytes attracted to site phagocytize antigenic material - Interferons - proteins made by cells under viral attack. diffuse to other cells, help prevent spread of virus |
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Blood Typing: erythrocytes
important surface stuff? what groups? |
- have cell-surface proteins (antigens)
> macromolecules that are forein to the host organism. > major groups of RBC antigens are: > ABO group > Rh factor |
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Blood Typing: ABO group
Type A blood. What antigen? produce what antibody? Type B blood. What antigen? produce what antibody? Type AB blood. What antigen? produce antibodies? |
- Type A have A antigen present. produce Anti-B antibody.
- Type B have B antigen present. produce Anti-A antibody. Type AB have A/B antigens, produce no antibody. > so universal recipient Type O have no antigens, produce Anti-B and Anti-A > so universal donor. |
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Blood Typing: Rh Factor
two types hypothetical situation: |
- individual is either Rh- or Rh+
- if mom is Rh-, and fetus is Rh+ > mom can be sensitized if fetal blood enters maternal circulation > if same mom has second child that is also Rh+. > she has a bunch of anti-Rh+ antibodies, may cross placenta and destroy fetus blood cells > fetus gets severe anemia. |