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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
major disease caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (5) |
1. trachoma - conjunctivitis that leads to blindness 2. Infection of the reproductive organs (STD) 3. Inclusion conjunctivitis (chlamydial and neonatal) 4. Neonatal Pneumonia 5. Reiter's syndrome |
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basic clinical findings of Chlamydia trachomatis in: 1. trachoma 2. STD in men 3. STD in women |
1. conjunctivitis and/or keratitis 2. symptomatic 50% of time; urethritis, epididymidus, proctitis 3. usually asymptomatic; cervicitis, salpingitis, and eventually PID |
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basic clinical findings of Chlamydia trachomatis in: 1. chlamydial inclusion conjunctivitis 2. neonatal inclusion conjunctivitis 3. Neonatal Pneumonia 4. Reiter's syndrome |
1. transfer from genitals to eyes (sup roomie) 2. transfer to neonate from birth canal = mucopurulent stuff in the eye 3. from birth canal; presents like pneumonia 4. autoimmune = arthritis; eye problems |
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Types L1-L3 serovars of chlamydia trachomatis cause _____________, a sexually transmitted disease. i. Rare, but recent outbreaks in men who have sex with men and are HIV+ |
lymphogranuloma venereum |
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how is Chlamydia trachomatis transmitted |
Transmitted by close contact: -sexual - passage thru birth canal -eye infections: finger-to-eye, fomite-to-eye, flies |
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what populations are at risk of infection with Chlamydia trachomatis |
nonwhites multiple sexual partners <19 yo poor socioeconomic status single non-barrier (or no) contraceptive use |
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major disease caused by Chlamydophila pneumoniae |
URT and LRT in young adults
usually mild |
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basic clinical findings of Chlamydophila pneumoniae |
atypical patchy pneumonia bronchitis siusitis pharyngitis persistant cough and malaise
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how is Chlamydophila pneumoniae transmitted |
aersol transmission from person-to-person
ubiquitous
e.g. community acquired pneumonia |
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Causes psittacosis aka ornithosis or parrot fever |
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basic clinical findings of Chlamydophila psittaci |
1. headache, high fever, chills, malaise, myalgia
2. pulmonary symptoms: nonproductive cough, rales, consolidation
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how is Chlamydophila psittaci transmitted |
transmitted from close contact with infected birds via aerosolized dust |
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what populations are at risk of infection with Chlamydophila psittaci |
poultry workers pet store workers bird owners veterinarians |
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Basic structure of chlamydia |
Gram negative-like structure intracellular parasite; uses host ATP rigid cell wall but NO peptidoglycan |
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Describe the biphasic life cycle of chlamydia |
1. Exists as elementary body (EB) outside of host cell = metabolically inactive spore-like structure = infectious form
2. EB attaches to epithelial cell, gets endocytosed, vacuoles containing EB fuse and the EBs become reticulate bodies (RB; aka replicative body). |
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Why can't chlamydia be gram stained |
Because it exists intracellularly |
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describe the significance of the different serovars of C. trachomatis. |
There are 19 of them and different serovars associated with different diseases.
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Do Chlamydia/Chlamydophila infections involve specific virulence factors |
no toxins or virulence factors |
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Does the cell-mediated and humoral response to chlamydia result in protection from reinfection? does it result in complete clearance? |
no to both |
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Clinical manifestations of Chlamydia/Chlamydophila appear to be due to ? |
Clinical manifestations appear to be due to immunopathogenesis.
Infection of epithelial cells results in release of cytokines and interferons that elicit infiltration by neutrophils, then lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells, and eosinophils. Repeated infections elicit stronger immune responses and tissue damage, fibrosis. |
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How do you treat STDs and trachoma resulting from chlamydia?
How do you prevent chlamydia? prevention in infants? |
Treat with azithromycin
Prevent by treating infected patients and their partners
Infants can be treated with antibiotics to prevent disease |
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basic structure and life cycle of Legionella pneumophila |
Gram-negative rod Life cycle: 1. Entry via endocytosis |
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Can you gram stain legionella? |
no, it grows intracellular |
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describe where L. pneumophila is found and how it can be transmitted to humans; is |
-grows in freshwater amoebae in nature
Infection occurs by inhalation of aersolized organisms; No person-to-person transmission or animal reservoir identified. |
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what populations are at risk for more severe disease after exposure to L. pneumophila |
compromised pulmonary function decreased cellular immunity hospitalized patients |
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2 diseases caused by L. pneumophila and the differences between them? |
Legionnaires’ Disease = more serious; abrupt onset; lobar pneumonia; higher mortality; lower attack rate; usually in people with comorbities
Pontiac Fever = mild flu like; shorter incubation; symptoms develop slowly; no respiratory symptoms/doesnt usually cause pneumonia; high attack rate |
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How does L. pneumophila cause disease/damage? |
Replication within alveolar macrophages induces release of cytokines and chemokines, stimulating strong inflammatory response.
Organism produces variety of enzymes and exotoxins, including proteolytic enzymes, phosphatase, lipase, nucleases, hemolysin, cytotoxin.
LPS Endotoxin |
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explain how mycoplasmas differ from other prokaryotes and how this affects susceptibility to certain antibiotics. |
No cell wall, contain sterols in cell membrane
antibiotics that target cell wall don't work |
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describe how Mycoplasma pneumoniae is transmitted and who is most at risk for |
Transmitted by respiratory droplets
High risk for dorms, military barracks, classrooms |
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list the 2 most common diseases and the symptoms caused by M. pneumoniae |
1. Tracheobronchitis = most common 2. Walking Pneumonia = Atypical pneumonia |
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How does tracheobronchitis present? |
Low-grade fever, malaise, headache, non-productive cough; pharyngitis may also be present. |
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How does atypical pneumonia present? |
Chest x-ray reveals patchy bronchopneumonia. |
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Where does M. pneumoniae attach in the body? |
Attaches to cilia of respiratory epithleial cells = ciliastasis, and eventually destruction of cilia
i.e. destroys mucociliary elevator = persistent cough |
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Damage from M. pneumoniae is caused by |
Organism producing a variety of enzymes and exotoxins
Immune response |
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In M. pneumoniae, autoantibodies are those produced against bacterial glycolipid antigens that cross react with red blood cells resulting in formation of ?
Is there lasting immunity to M. pneumonae? |
cold agglutinins
no lasting immunity |