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208 Cards in this Set

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Type of tissue degeneration associated with Hypervitaminosis D
Metastatic Calcification
Calcium into normal tissue
Type of tissue degeneration associated with Atherosclerosis or atheroma
Dystrophic Calcification
Calcium into abnormal/damaged tissue
What is associated with Caseous necrosis?
Tuberculosis
What is associated with Coagulation necrosis?
Myocardial Infarction
What type of gangrene can be found in the heart and is associated with MI?
Dry Gangrene
What type of necrosis/degeneration can be found in the pancreas?
Enzymatic
Where is liquifactive necrosis found in the body?
1. CNS
2. Skin
Fatty necrosis can happen in which organs of the body? And what is called in each organ?
1. Liver "Nutmeg Liver"
2. Heart "Tabby Cat Heart"
What type of gangrene occurs with liquefactive necrosis in the skin due to infection?
Wet gangrene
What type degeneration happens to peripheral nerves?
Wallerian Degeneration
What type of necrosis is most common in skeletal muscle?
Zenker's (Waxy)
What type of necrosis involves muscle being replaced by hyaline?
Zenker's (Waxy)
Nuclear Condensation is called?
Pyknosis
Nuclear Fragmentation is called?
Karyorrhexis
Nuclear Rupture is called?
Karyolysis
Which state of nucleus degeneration has increased basophils?
Pyknosis
Which state of nucleus degeneration has decreased basophils?
Karyorrhexis & Karyolysis
What is the order of the stages of nucleus degeneration?
1. Pyknosis
2. Karyorrhexis
3. Karyolysis
Which stage of nuclear degeneration involves DNAase & RNAase?
Karyolysis
Which stage of nuclear degeneration involves chromatin and cell shrinkage?
Pyknosis
Congenital absence of an organ?
Agenisis
Small remnants of an organ (usually a lack of development)?
Aplasia
Organ smaller than normal and defective?
Hypoplasia
Decrease in size (usually of a muscle)?
Atrophy
Increase in size (usually a muscle)?
Hypertrophy
Increase in number of cells?
Hyperplasia
Pregnant Uterus and Goiter are examples of which disturbance of growth?
Hyperplasia
Change from 1 cell type to another?
Metaplasia
Change is shape, size or function of a cell?
Dysplasia
Complete disorganization of a cell?
Anaplasia
Where is type 1 collagen found?
1. Bone
2. Muscles
3. Tendons
4. Ligaments
Type 1 collagen makes up what % of skeletons in mammals?
90%
Where is type 2 collagen found?
The IVD (nucleus pulposus)
Where is type 3 collagen found?
1. Spleen
2. Lymph Nodes
Where is type 4 collagen found?
Basement membrane
What collagen type is involved in early wound healing?
Type 3 (Reticular)
Which lung disease is also referred to as "Rocky Quarry Disease"?
Silicosis
Which lung disease leads to Mesothelioma - which is malignant?
Asbestosis
Which lung disease involves inhalation of iron dust?
Siderosis
Which lung disease involves inhalation of cotton dust?
Byssinosis
What is the black lung disease from miners?
Anthracosis
Which lung disease involves inhalation of fungus that is endemic to the Mississippi or Ohio valleys?
Histoplasmosis (or Histomycosis)
Which lung disease involves inhalation of fungus that is endemic to the deserts of the Southwest?
Coccidiomycosis
Which lung disease is caused by endemic fungus on the eastern seaboard?
Blastomycosis
What disease process is associated with "Curshmann's Spirals" or "Charcot Layden Crystals" in the sputum?
Asthma
"Salty Baby Syndrome"?
Cystic Fibrosis
Which lung disease is also referred to as "San Joaquin Valley Fever" or "Valley Fever"?
Coccidiomycosis
Which lung disease is also referred to as "Ohio Valley Fever"?
Histoplamosis or Histomycosis
What disease processes are involved in Caplan's Syndrome?
Anthracosis and RA
Which lung disease is also referred to as "Brown Lung"?
Byssinosis
What organ systems/body processes does Cystic Fibrosis affect?
1. GI
2. Respiratory linings
3. Exocrine secretions
What is affected by Cystic Fibrosis at a cellular level?
Chloride channels?
What bacterium are patients with Cystic Fibrosis particularly susceptible to?
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
Iron in lungs due to bleeding?
Hemosiderosis
"Sweat test" is done for what disease process?
Cystic Fibrosis
Honeycomb lung
Pulmonary fibrosis
Ghon Complex is associated with?
TB
Vasculitis of the lung and kidney?
Wegner's Granulomatosis
Alpha-1-Antitrypsin deficiency is associated with?
Emphysema
What organs does wegner's granulomatosis affect?
1. Lungs
2. Kidneys
Which renal disease involves decreased tubular excretion of nitrogen?
Azotemia
Azotemia leads to an increase of what compound in the blood?
Nitrogen
What is most commonly caused by prostate problems or ureter stones?
Hydronephrosis
What kidney problem causes RBC's and small amounts of protein in the urine?
Nephritic Syndrome
What are the 3 symptoms of nephrotic syndrome?
1. Hypertension
2. Edema
3. Proteinuria (Massive)
*HEP*
What kidney problem has a moth-eaten appearance?
Polycystic Kidney
Acute tubular necrosis is associated with what general condition?
Shock
Which renal disease is is associated with massive protein in the urine?
Nephrotic Syndrome
What is an aka for Acute Glomerulonephritis?
Nephritic Syndrome
AKA for a nephroblastoma?
Wilm's Tumor
Decreased cortisol is found in what Adrenal Disease?
Addison's
Damage to/Problem with what part of the adrenal gland results in Addison's Disease?
Cortex, Zona Fasciculata
Excess Aldosterone causes what Disease?
Conn's
Damage to/Problem with what part of the adrenal gland results in Conn's Disease?
Cortex, Zona Glomerulosa
What is a malignant mixed tumor of the kidney usually found in children?
Wilm's Tumor (aka nephroblastoma)
What are the symptoms of Conn's Disease?
Hypertension and Water Retention
What disease is associated with
-Low BP
-Hyperpigmentation
-Fatigue
Addison's
Why is there hyperpigmentation in Addison's Disease?
There is too much Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (from anterior pituitary) increasing Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
Too much cortisol results in what adrenal disease?
Cushing's
What part of the adrenal gland is affected with Cushing's?
Cortex, Zona Fasciculata
What tumor of the Adrenal Gland will cause episodic hypertension?
Pheochromocytoma
Where is a pheochromocytoma located?
Adrenal Medulla
What causes moon face, buffalo hump, purple striae, central obesity? What hormone is affected?
Cushings Disease
Too much cortisol
Hyperplasia of thyroid cells due to lack of iodine will cause?
Goiter
Is a goiter associated with hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism?
Can be associated with either.
Pheochromocytoma AKA?
Gray Cell Tumor
Hashimoto's is an autoimmune cause of what?
Hypothyroidism
What are the following symptoms associated with?
-Cold intolerance
-Weight gain
-Slow heart rate
-Loss of lateral 1/3 of eyebrows
-slow mental faculties
Myxedema
Myxedema in a child is called?
Cretinism
Myxedema is a problem with which organ?
Thyroid Gland
What HPV strand is associated with Cervical Cancer?
HPV 16
What can be a result of Cryptorchidism?
Testicular Cancer
What is the most common site for endometriosis?
Ovary
When the urethra exits on the dorsal surface of the penis
Epispasias
What are 2 causes of increased HCG?
1. Pregnancy
2. Hyatidiform mole
What is a tumor of smooth muscle?
Leiomyoma
What is associated with
-Anovulation
-Obesity
-Hirsutism
Polycystic Ovary Disease
Most common cause of testicular cancer?
Seminoma
When the urethra opens on the ventral side of the penis
Hypospadias
Fibroids in the uterus are classified as?
Leiomyomas
What bacterium can cause a SOFT painful chancroid?
Haemophilus Ducreyi (Gram - coccobacillis)
What veneral disease is similar to Trichimonas, but is bacterial?
Garnerella Vaginalis
What is the most common cause of PID/Salpingitis?
Gonorrhea
What bacterium causes Gonorrhea?
Gram - Diplococcus
What disease produces rectal strictures and is diagnosed with the Frei test?
Lymphogranuloma Venereum
What veneral disease produces yellow-green pus in the urine?
Gonorrhea
What disease produces purulent vaginal discharge that is green, frothy, fishy and foul?
Trichimonas
Which disease produces white pus?
Chamydia
What veneral disease has been linked to arthritis, especially DJD in the knee?
Gonorrhea
What produces a "coffee bean shaped" organism on microscopy?
Gonorrhea
What is a spasm of the lower esophageal sphincter that causes megaesophagus of the upper esophagus?
Achalasia
What is metaplasia of esophageal cells into stomach cells, usually caused by GERD?
Barrett Esophagus
Occlusion of the hepatic veins leads to what?
Budd-Chiari
Budd-Chiari produces what 3 symptoms?
1. Abdominal pain
2. Hepatomegaly
3. Ascites
Non-Tropical Sprue?
Celiac Disease
What is the problem in Celiac Disease?
Lack of Villi, Lack of absorption
What is the #1 cause of gallstones?
Cholecystitis
Gallstones are called?
Cholelithiasis
What liver problem can cause encephalopathy?
Budd-Chiari
What can cause "skip lesions" or cobblestone appearance in the digestive tract?
Crohn's
Where in the GI tract does Crohn's affect?
Right Side!
1. Small Intestine (Ileum)
2. Cecum
3. Ascending colon
What is the cause of Crohn's?
Autoimmune
3 aka's for Crohn's?
1. Regional ileitis
2. Distal ileitis
3. Regional ileitis
Where does diverticulitis usually occur?
Sigmoid and Descending Colon
(Lower Left Quadrant)
What is the most common cause of death in children worldwide?
Enteritis (it causes dehydration from diarrhea)
What is the most common cause of red blood in the stool?
Hemorrhoids
Which is more likely to cause bloody diarrhea, Crohn's or Ulcerative Colitis?
Ulcerative Colitis
Congenital Megacolon?
Hirshprung's
What disease process leads to dehydration because water is not being absorbed in small intestine?
Crohn's
What is missing in Hirshprung's
No myenteric (parasympathetic motor) plexus
What is the difference between the myenteric plexus and meissner's plexus?
Myenteric = parasympathetic motor
Meissner's = detects chemicals (chemo sensitive)
Telescoping of intestine onto itself?
Intussusception
What can cause intussusception?
Rotavirus Vaccine
What GI problem can be stress-related, causing spastic colon, distention, pain and diarrhea?
Irritable bowel syndrome
Vomiting blood (hematemisis) due to alcoholism.
Mallory-Weiss Syndrome
Mallory-Weiss Syndrome causes lacerations where?
1. Esophagus
2. Proximal Stomach
Outpouching of distal ileum?
Meckel's Diverticulum
Polyposis (Polyps in entire GI tract) is known as?
Peutzjegher's
What causes esophageal webbing, glossitis, cheilosis and iron deficiency anemia?
Plummer Vinson Syndrome
Infant projectile vomiting in a newborn is most commonly caused by?
Pyloric stenosis
Anatomically shortened esophagus will cause?
Sliding Hiatal Hernia
Fat in the stool?
Steatosis
What disease process includes pathological intestinal changes, ulcers and bloody diarrhea?
Ulcerative Colitis
What part of the GI tract does Ulcerative colitis affect?
LEFT SIDE (from colon-> moves distally)
1. Sigmoid Colon
2. Descending Colon
Ulcerative Colitis is AKA?
Toxic Megacolon
Twisting of an organ around its long axis?
Volvulus
Outpouching of the pharynx?
Zenker's Diverticulum
Lead Pipe Rigidity can be associated with what GI disorder?
Ulcerative Colitis
What hormone is affected in Diabetes Insipidus?
Decreased ADH
Problem in what organ can cause Diabetes Insipidus?
Posterior Pituitary
Problem in what hormone can cause Diabetes Mellitus?
Pancreas
Which cells produce insulin in the pancreas? (+aka)
Beta Cells of the Pancreas (aka Islets of Langerhans)
Where is Diabetes Mellitus first noticed in the body?
Eyes
What are the 2 most common causes of death in patients with Diabetes Mellitus?
1. heart disease
2. renal failure
What disorder is associated with "Bronze Diabetes"?
Hemochromatosis
What mineral builds up in the body with hemochromatosis?
Iron
Protein Malnutrition?
Kwashiorkor
Calorie Malnutrition?
Marasmus
Hepatolenticular Degeneration?
Wilson's Disease
Which nervous system disease affects only motor functions (no sensory loss)?
ALS (Amytrophic Lateral Sclerosis)
What parts of the spinal cord are affected in ALS?
Anterior Horn
Corticospinal Tracts
What is the main exam finding in ALS?
LMNL in upper extremities
UMNL in lower extremities
What disease causes progressive, severe atrophy of cerebral cortex?
Alzheimers
Alzeimers causes a decrease in what neurotransmitter?
Ach
What is the #1 cause of dementia?
Alzheimers
What occurs in a type 1 Arnold-Chiari Malformation?
Cerebellar Tonsils Herniate (VERMIS)
What disease is associated with nerofibrillary tangles?
Alzheimers
What occurs in a type 2 Arnold-Chiari Malformation?
Cerebellar Tonsil Herniation with Meningeocele in lumbar spine
What is the most common brain tumor?
Astrocytoma
What is the most common metastasis from lungs?
Lungs to the Brain
What is the most common tumor of the CNS?
Glioma
What is the most common brain tumor in children found in the cerebellar vermis?
Medulloblastoma
What is the slowest growing brain tumor?
Oligodendroglioma
Which brain tumor has the best prognosis?
Astrocytoma
Which brain tumor has the worst prognosis? Why?
Glioblastoma Multiform (affects cerebrum)
What is the most common tumor of the cerebellum?
Medulloblastoma
What is the most likely brain tumor to calcify?
Oligodendroglioma
Onion bulb tumor?
Schwannoma
What cranial nerve is most commonly affected by a schwannoma?
CN VIII
Sclerosis in the spinocerebellar tract will cause?
Friedreich's Ataxia
What is the most common cause of unilateral sensorineural hearing loss?
Swannoma (Acoustic Neroma)
Neurofibrillary tangles in spinocerebellar tract are associated with?
Friedreich's Ataxia
Freidreich's Ataxia is associated with which chromosome?
Chromosome 9
Symptoms of Horner's Disease?
1. Ptosis
2. Miosis
3. Anhydrosis
4. Enopthalmosis
Aka Hansen's Disease?
Leprosy
What type of necrosis occurs with Leprosy?
Liquefactive Necrosis
What parts of the body are affected with Leprosy?
1. Skin Damage
2. Destruction of Sensory Nerves
Charcots Triad associated with MS?
1. Scanning Speech
2. Intention Tremor
3. Nystagmus
Formation of antibodies that block the Ach receptors at the myoneural junction?
Myasthenia Gravis
What part of the spinal cord does MS affect?
Corticospinal tracts
Enlargement of what gland might be been with Myasthenia Gravis?
Thymus (Thymoma)
What nervous system disease is associated by exascerbations and remissions?
MS
Myathenia Gravis MC affects what gender and age group?
Females 20-40
AKA Von Recklinghausen's disease?
Neurofibromatosis
Trouble talking and swollowing may be associated with?
Myathenia Gravis
What type of cafe au lait spots are associated with Neurobibromatosis?
Coast of California
Inclusion "Lewy" Bodies are associated with what nervous system disease?
Parkinson's (Paralysis Agitans)
What part (and region) of the brain in affected in Parkinson's?
Substantia Nigra in Mesencephalon
Long term pernicious anemia may cause?
PLS (Posterolateral Sclerosis)
What parts of the spinal cord are affected by PLS?
1. Dorsal Columns
2. Corticospinal Tract
Poliomyelitis in the anterior horn causes what type of nerve lesions?
LMNL
Synringomyelia will cause loss of what sensations bilaterally?
Pain and Temperature
Alcoholic psychosis with dementia?
Wernicke-Korsakoff
Which nervous system disease affects the brainstem (possibly the breathing apparatus) then cranial nerves?
Poliomyelitis
Huntington's Chorea affects what part of the brain?
Caudate Nucleus in Basal Ganglia
What neurotransmitter levels are decreased with Huntington's Chorea?
GABA
What chromosome is affected in huntington's chorea?
#4
What part of the basal ganglia is affected in Wilson's Disease?
Lenticular Nucleus