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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The normative psychological tasks of adolescence are:
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1. Developing a satisfactory and realistic body image
2. Developing increased independence from parents and adequate capacities for self-care & regulation 3. Developing satisfying relationships outside the family 4. Developing appropriate control and expression of increased sexual and aggressive drives 5. Identity consolidation, including a personal moral code and at least provisional plans for a vocation and economic self-sufficiency |
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Define puberty
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Psychologic and morphologic changes that mark the transition from childhood to adulthood
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What are the major primary and secondary sexual characteristics that develop during puberty?
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Growth in stature
Growth in muscle mass Increased strength Increased sebaceous gland activity |
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What are the 3 major hormonal changes that take place as a result of changes in the adolescent’s primary and secondary sexual characteristics?
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Adrenarche
Gonadarche Increased growth hormone secretion |
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Define adrenarche
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Steady increase in adrenally produced androgens, leading to increased skeletal growth and the appearance of body hair
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Define gonadarche
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puberty proper
releases in gonadotropin-releasing hormones produce increased pituitary release of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone that in turn, drive the production of gonadal hormones |
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What are gonadal hormones
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estrogen for females
testosterone for males |
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Define menarche.
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the onset of girls' periods
usually happens at around 12.9 years in white girls and 12.2 years in black girls |
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Describe the development of adjustment of early versus late maturation in boys and girls.
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In terms of self-esteem, popularity, and intellectual abilities, early maturation is advantageous for boys.
During this time, boys are also at an increased risk for delinquent behavior. Girls who develop early are more likely to engage in risky behaviors and have sexual intercourse at an earlier age. They also tend to have greater adjustment difficulties including: eating disorders, lower self image, vulnerability to depression, and anxiety. |
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Normal adolescent maturation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and working memory capacity is in part related to developmental changes in ____________________.
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GABAergic neurons and their synapses.
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Overall, parent-child conflict in middle adolescence decreases because:
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Parents and children spend less time together. During this time, children spend more time with peers who, in turn, have greater influence over their decisions.
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What is the term used to describe teenagers' elevated metabolic rate during adolescence?
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Developmental hyperphagia
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Semenarche is _____.
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The beginning of spermatogenesis that normally occurs in early and middle adolescence.
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Aside from linear growth what other developmental changes occur in the initial stages of puberty for females?
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Breast development and the appearance of puberty hair.
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How do developmental changes in parent-child and child-peer relationships complement each other during adolescence?
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Adolescence is characterized by the simultaneous development of independence from parents and the capacity for interdependence in peer relationships. During this time, it is crucial for adolescents to form and sustain mutually supportive relationships outside of the family.
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Before full-blown puberty (breast development, increased muscle tone, voice changes etc), what is usually the first telltale sign of puberty?
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Accelerated linear growth usually precedes other pubescent changes with adolescents growing as much as 10 cm per year.
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During puberty, the adolescent brain undergoes a massive pruning of cortical synapses, describe the overall effect this change has on the brain.
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After the massive elimination of cortical synapses, doctors believe that only half of the cortical synaptic connections that were present pre-puberty still exist.
This loss is believed to affect preferentially excitatory synapses which results in declines in brain glucose, metabolism, oxygen utilization, and blood flow. There is also decreased overall electroencephalographic amplitude and more complex and focal patterns of brain activation. |
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Describe the biological and psychological reasons for changes in sleep patterns during adolescence.
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Biological: Adolescents often find it difficult to go to sleep early and wake up alert for school because of later night-onset and later morning-termination if melatonin secretion.
Psychological: During this time, adolescents tend to take advantage of greater autonomy from parents. Because they are allowed to stay up later, teens often use their phones or computers to connect with friends well into the night. |
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Adolescents who suffer from the "too little sleep at the wrong circadian phase," often suffer from frequent daytime drowsiness, and impaired cognitive functioning, which puts them at increased risk for _______
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accidents
impaired academic performance learning difficulties depressed moods |
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Adolescence is associated with what Piaget would call "formal operational thinking." Describe some of the changes in cognitive functioning that occur during this time.
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Because adolescents see an increase in their capacity for abstract thinking, this stage is when most teens begin to really excel in music, math, and in the sciences.
Additionally, formal operational thinking is marked by the decrease in egocentrism, an increase in perspective taking, the development of deductive reasoning skills, and the ability to construct "contrary-to-fact" prepositions. |
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According to Kohlberg, what happens to moral reasoning during adolescence?
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Moral reasoning expands to include:
1. reference to universal ethical principles 2. orientation to interpersonal relationships 3. notions of social contract and general rights 4. maintenance of social order |
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Authoritative parenting is widely accepted as the best parenting style to use during adolescence, why?
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Because it combines warmth and responsiveness with the firmness and demandingness that adolescents need and it has been associated with a wide range of positive outcomes for developing teens.
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Why is puberty a particularly rough time for adolescents with chronic illnesses?
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Though they have a deep understanding of the exigencies of their condition, adolescents with chronic illnesses often perceive the transition to self-care as anxiety provoking, stigmatizing, and a great threat to their autonomy. They may avoid thinking about or taking care of their illness, causing a great decline in physical health.
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Describe the general pattern of parent-child conflict through adolescence.
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Conflicts between parents and children increase with the beginning of adolescence, but decline steadily through late adolescence. However, the negative affective intensity if conflicts peaks in mid-adolescence.
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____________ in conflict affective intensity coincide with increases in _________________ that occur as adolescents spend more time alone with peers.
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Increases
autonomy and emotional dysphoria |
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List the top 10 personal attributes of peers that empirical studies report as being most salient to adolescents.
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(in decreasing order)
10. cleanliness 9. loyalty to friends 8. clothes 7. dependability 6. trustworthiness 5. general physical appearance 4. maturity 3. popularity with opposite sex 2. figure/build/physique 1. honesty |
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Beginning at age 10, conscious feelings of sexual awareness and attraction can be linked to what type of hormonal changes?
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They appear to be linked to rising adrenal androgens. This often occurs before the onset of gonadal puberty.
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Describe the term "central masturbatory fantasy."
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It is a term used to describe the organization of the, not always conscious, sexual fantasies of adolescents during masturbation.
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What are the overall gender distinctions in sex during adolescence?
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most often, girls engage in sexual acts in hopes to win and retain a boy's perceived interest On the other hand, males engage in sexual acts in an exploitative nature, with little to no interest in an actual relationship,
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In adolescence, successful taming of erotic sex drives, thoughts, and behaviors often leads to _________?
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the ability to become intimate, have a deep emotional connection with another individual, and the formation of a stable partnership.
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