Child Social And Personality Development

Front 1

Piaget's four broad stages of cognitive development occur in the following order:

Back 1

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operation

Front 2

A good scientific theory is one that is

Back 2

all of these (parsimonious, heuristic, falsifiable)

Front 3

Francis has been severely abused and neglected by her caretakers. She is most likely as having ___ attachment

Back 3

a disorganized/disoriented

Front 4

Mom says, “Sammy’s a good baby. It is easy to attract his attention. He is mostly happy, rarely irritable, and he eats well, hardly ever spits up, and sleeps through the night.” Her description of Sammy focuses on components of his

Back 4

personality or temperament

Front 5

Dr. Barnett records the behavior of children at a family picnic to determine how many times they appear aggressive toward peers. This is an example of

Back 5

a naturalistic observation

Front 6

Freud’s psychosexual stage in which sexual urges are most likely to be repressed and sexual instincts rechanneled is the

Back 6

latency stage

Front 7

Ramie loves her infant and consistently tries to stimulate him in play, particularly when he shows signs of becoming fussy. This treatment might be expected to lead her son to form

Back 7

an avoidant attachment

Front 8

The most important advantage of the experimental method is that it

Back 8

can test hypotheses about cause-and-effect relationships

Front 9

Which of the following statements best summarizes the current status of the activity-passivity debate?

Back 9

children are actively involved in creating the environments that will influence their growth and development

Front 10

The role of a theory in the scientific enterprise is to

Back 10

aid in the interpretation of data and the generation of testable hypotheses

Front 11

An investigator tests 100 children at the beginning of a longitudinal study and then follows up on his subjects, testing the 50 he can locate 5 years later. The fact that only half the original sample can now be located is a(n)_____ because _____.

Back 11

disadvantage; any conclusions drawn may be based on a non-representative sample

Front 12

Schaffer and Emerson’s (1964) classic study of the development of attachments in Scottish infants, _____ was taken as evidence that the child had formed a primary social attachment.

Back 12

the child’s discriminated separation protest

Front 13

Freud and Erikson agreed that

Back 13

feeding activities can be important to the formation of attachments

Front 14

After weighing and measuring 1000 adults, investigator Jones finds that: "In my sample, weight generally increases as height increases.” Jones is describing

Back 14

a positive correlation

Front 15

The question of whether child development occurs in “stages” is part of the

Back 15

continuity-discontinuity issue

Front 16

A comparison of American and Japanese mothers’ childrearing practices suggests that in the
Strange Situation, American children are more likely to be classified as _____________, and Japanese children are more likely to be classified as ________________

Back 16

secure, resistant

Front 17

The proposition that infants fear strangers because they cannot explain who the stranger is or what has become of familiar companions is the explanation for stranger anxiety offered by

Back 17

cognitive-developmentalists

Front 18

Learning theorists Dollard and Miller suggested that classical conditioning explains the attachment process and that an infant was attached to the caregiver when

Back 18

the caregiver becomes a conditioned stimulus and pleasure becomes a conditioned response

Front 19

Freida (18 months) and her mother are visiting at a friend's house. When Freida's mother and her friend go into the kitchen for tea, Freida appears undisturbed. Twenty minutes later her mother emerges from the kitchen and tries to pick Freida up. Freida is unresponsive and wants to get down. When put down, Freida ignores her mother and wanders around playing with toys. This best demonstrates which sort of attachment relationship?

Back 19

avoidant

Front 20

______ is the social learning theorist who proposed the interplay between nature and nurture in child development

Back 20

Albert Bandura

Front 21

_____ proposes that newborns and young infants emit global displays of positive or negative affect and that even simple emotions must develop over time.

Back 21

the functionalist perspective on emotions

Front 22

Vygotsky would agree with each of the following statements except

Back 22

intellectual growth is universal

Front 23

A child who experiences privation has _____________; a child who experiences deprivation has ________

Back 23

never formed an attachment; had attachment to caregiver disrupted

Front 24

In Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory, the prevailing cultural beliefs are contained in the

Back 24

macrosystem

Front 25

When insensitive caregivers receive social support and receive information on effective caretaking

Back 25

their parenting improves and their children become more inclined to establish and maintain secure attachments with them

Front 26

Kochanska’s research on the interplay between caregiving, infant temperament, and attachments reveals that

Back 26

quality of caregiving is the most important factor in determining whether an infant's attachment with a caregiver is secure or insecure, and infant temperament is a strong predictor of the specific type of insecurity that infants with insecure attachments display

Front 27

Sue opens her birthday package, finds the arts materials she hoped to receive, and her heart pounds. She feels really good, which prompts her to turn and say, “Thank you Grandma for these art materials.” Of these reactions, which would not be considered a component of Sue’s happy emotion?:

Back 27

the act of unwrapping the gift

Front 28

In summarizing the literature on the contribution of infant temperament and maternal caregiving to the quality of infant attachments, it appears that

Back 28

secure attachments are more likely to develop when there is a goodness-of-fit between the caregiving a baby receives and his or her temperament

Front 29

According to the Bowlby’s continuity hypothesis, a child’s “internal working model” serves as a

Back 29

foundation for her future social and emotional interactions with others

Front 30

According to Lewis and Ramsey’s (2005) goal blockage study, upon discovering that he can no longer control an interesting visual display, a 4-month-old becomes highly agitated but shows little physiological evidence of stress. According to their findings, this infant is likely experiencing

Back 30

anger

Front 31

Which of the following statements best describes the stability (or instability) of attachment quality over time?

Back 31

both secure and insecure attachments can change if the responsiveness of the attachment figure changes dramatically

Front 32

Shame and guilt are examples of ___________emotions that seem to require _____ in order for one to experience them.

Back 32

self-evaluative; self-recognition
self-evaluative; rule awareness

Front 33

Harlow and Zimmerman’s classic study of attachment in rhesus monkeys revealed that _____ was the primary factor in promoting primary attachments.

Back 33

provision of tactile stimulation

Front 34

The primary emotion of joy often accompanies the 4- to 6-month-old infant’s discovery that he can _____, whereas sadness or anger are a common reaction to _____ as observed in the still-face paradigm.

Back 34

control objects; disconfirmation of learned expectancies

Front 35

The "Strange Situation" measures the _____ of attachment that an infant has established with a close companion by analyzing _____ .

Back 35

quality; the infant's reactions to strange environments, strangers, and separations from the close companion

Front 36

Socialization can influence the development of self-conscious emotions. Research conducted by Alessandri and Lewis (1996) revealed that mothers of abused children tended to be more critical and focus on the negative when working with their children on difficult achievement tasks. In general those children showed ________ when they were unsuccessful and _______ when they were successful.

Back 36

more shame; less pride

Front 37

Pelatola et al. (2009) demonstrated that 7-month-old infants can discriminate different emotions in facial displays by showing that infants

Back 37

ego

Front 38

In Freud’s psychosexual theory, the rational component of the personality is the

Back 38

ego

Front 39

Ten-month-old Juan falls, skins his knee, and notices that his mother grimaces and looks upset. A second or two later, Juan begins to cry. Juan’s crying behavior

Back 39

is prompted, in part, by social referencing

Front 40

An early fear that is closely tied to the formation of an infant’s first emotional attachment is

Back 40

stranger anxiety and separation anxiety

Front 41

Mothers are more successful at fostering emotional understanding in their young children when they

Back 41

discuss the causes of the emotions that storybook characters display and rely on open ended questions to allow children to elaborate on emotions they have experienced

Front 42

_____ refers to our ability to manage emotions and adjust emotional arousal to a level of intensity to achieve our goals.

Back 42

emotional self-regulation

Front 43

Dexter is inactive and somewhat moody and standoffish. He doesn’t like changes in routine but seems to adapt if left alone to work things out for himself. According to Thomas and Chess, Dexter most likely has a _____ temperament.

Back 43

slow-to-warm-up

Front 44

Emotions play a major role in early social development. Infant emotional expressions serve to _____, and infants’ emerging abilities to interpret others’ emotions _____

Back 44

communicate infants’ needs and goals; further their knowledge and understanding of their environments

Front 45

One recurring criticism of Erikson’s psychosocial theory is that it

Back 45

describes but does not explain development

Front 46

A child who knows the circumstances under which it is acceptable to express various emotions is displaying knowledge of

Back 46

emotional display rules

Front 47

According to Freud, the _____ serves as a child’s internal censor or moral authority-- the seat of the conscience.

Back 47

superego

Front 48

The idea that most human behavior depends on its consequences is the basic premise of

Back 48

operant learning theory

Front 49

When caregivers are clinically depressed

Back 49

their infants are at risk of forming some kind of insecure attachment

Front 50

According to Bowlby’s 44 Thieves study, which of the following is true?:

Back 50

more than 50% of the “thieves” had experienced maternal separations lasting longer than 6 months

Front 51

A psychoanalyst would be likely to focus on the _____ aspects of morality, whereas a social- learning theorist might be more inclined to study _____ .

Back 51

affective; moral behavior

Front 52

A social-learning theorist would suggest that prosocial behaviors are learned through

Back 52

empathy
observing
reinforcement

Front 53

Harter and Monsour (1992) found that _____ are particularly disturbed by the inconsistencies they detect in their self-images.

Back 53

mid-adolescents

Front 54

Three-year-old Shawn tells us that he is a boy and his newborn sister is a girl-baby. Apparently Shawn has some knowledge of

Back 54

categorical self

Front 55

Aggressive acts that serve no purpose other than to harm another individual are classified as

Back 55

hostile aggression

Front 56

_____ provides strong evidence a child’s distinction between public and private self.

Back 56

successfully misleading an opponent when providing clues in a hidden object game

Front 57

Lupe asks "Why do I have to brush my teeth every day?" Her father replies "If you didn't, you would get painful decay and might even have moss growing on your teeth." Lupe exclaims, "But maybe I'd like to have moss on my teeth.” Dad answers, "Ha, ha, Lupe; now off to the bathroom to brush." Lupe's father sounds like a(n) _____ parent.

Back 57

authoritative

Front 58

One of the first signs of an infant's emerging sense of self is

Back 58

attempts to control objects and events

Front 59

If an 18-month-old child stands before a mirror, observes a strange sticker on the head of the image looking back at her, and reaches up and retrieves the sticker from her own head, we conclude that

Back 59

the child clearly recognizes the mirror image as "me"

Front 60

Kohlberg’ level of morality that is based on external controls, with actions judged according to the consequences they generate is

Back 60

preconventional

Front 61

Baumrind’s classic study of parenting styles and child outcomes revealed that _____ parents tended to raise children and adolescents who were high in cognitive competencies and social skills whereas children and adolescents of _____ parents were generally average to below average on both sets of skills.

Back 61

authoritative; authoritarian

Front 62

According to the "felt responsibility" interpretation of the empathy-altruism relationship, older children may be more inclined than younger ones to feel a personal obligation to assist a person in need because

Back 62

they have learned more altruistic principles and have more to think about when experiencing empathic distress

Front 63

Sigmund Freud believed that aggression was best described as

Back 63

an instinct or class of instincts

Front 64

Joe is a hot-head who is inclined to lash out whenever peers criticize him. Developmentalists would probably classify Joe as _____.

Back 64

a reactive aggressor

Front 65

A well-developed _____ is thought to underlie a child’s ability to distinguish “public” and “private” aspects of self.

Back 65

theory of mind

Front 66

Bandura's social-learning theory stresses the role of _____ in promoting human aggression

Back 66

cognitive processes

Front 67

Development of a belief-desire theory of mind implies that a child thinks that

Back 67

beliefs and desires are different mental states and that either or both can influence a person's conduct

Front 68

Children in Piaget's heteronomous stage of moral development believe that

Back 68

rules are sacred and unchangeable

Front 69

After stealing a dollar from his mother's wallet, Ike passes a billboard with Santa Claus on it. He then gets very nervous about his prospects for receiving nice Christmas gifts and returns home to slip the dollar back into Mom's purse. Ike

Back 69

is probably at Piaget's heteronomous stage of moral reasoning and is displaying a belief in immanent justice

Front 70

According to Freud, a child's internalization of _____ moral standards leads to the development of the _____ .

Back 70

the same-sex parent's; superego

Front 71

Julio and Paul don’t seem to care who wins when they plan Monopoly. In fact, it often seems as if they are playing according to different rules; but they consistently enjoy themselves and have few squabbles while playing. These two boys seem to be at Piaget’s _____ of moral reasoning.

Back 71

premoral level

Front 72

Johnny and his sister live with their mother, father, and two dogs. This is an example of a(n)_______ family.

Back 72

nuclear

Front 73

Children's self-concepts become more and more _____ over the course of childhood as they begin to incorporate _____ into their self-descriptions.

Back 73

abstract; psychological attributes

Front 74

According to Robert Selman’s social cognition theory, children younger than 8-years-old describe acquaintances in terms of their concrete attributes (for example, their activities, appearances, and possessions) rather than their psychological characteristics because children this young

Back 74

lack role-taking skills

Front 75

Piaget argued that peer experience is an important contributor to role-taking skills, particularly

Back 75

disagreements among close friends

Front 76

Dexter takes pride (not to mention gaining resources) in his use of force to convince peers to submit to him. Dexter sounds very much like _____ .

Back 76

a proactive aggressor

Front 77

According to Hoffman, a baby who cries when she hears another baby crying is showing early evidence of ________________________

Back 77

empathy

Front 78

If a parent wishes his/her toddler to behave compassionately towards others, the parent should

Back 78

discipline harm-doing with explanations that link the child's wrongful behavior to the distress that it has caused

Front 79

Compared with nonaggressive children, reactive aggressors are more likely to

Back 79

perceive other people as adversaries and, thus, are quick to attribute hostile intent to them

Front 80

One clear clue that 1-year-olds view themselves as separate from their companions is their tendency to

Back 80

direct a social partners’ attention by pointing

Front 81

Compared to nonaggressive children and reactive aggressors, proactive aggressors are more likely to engage in

Back 81

instrumental aggression

Front 82

_____ is a clear example of the affective component of morality.

Back 82

Feeling guilty about stealing a cookie

Front 83

Jennifer wishes to get back at Pam, who has flirted shamelessly with Jennifer's boyfriend. Jennifer spreads the rumor that Pam associates with undesirable people and then sabotages Pam's candidacy to join her sorority. Jennifer's actions are best described as

Back 83

relational aggression

Front 84

According to social-learning theorists, children develop altruistic habits because

Back 84

frequent reinforcement of their previous acts of kindness have made such behavior intrinsically satisfying

Front 85

_____ is thought to underlie a mature sense of morality by all moral development theorists

Back 85

Internalization of moral principles

Front 86

Deciding whether another person’s actions are right or wrong involves the _____ component of morality

Back 86

cognitive

Front 87

After reading Kohlberg’s Heinz dilemma, Wanda says, “I think the law is wrong because no law should be more important than saving a life. Heinz should steal the drug and hope that, if caught, a jury will understand the circumstances and justly acquit him.” Wanda is reasoning at Kohlberg’s _____ level.

Back 87

postconventional

Front 88

Early signs that infants are progressing toward acquiring a theory of mind include

Back 88

a 2-month-old’s tendency to imitate the actions of human models but not those of inanimate objects
a 6-month-old’s recognition that people behave differently toward animate and inanimate objects
a 9-month-old’s willing participation in joint attention episodes in which they recognize that a companion can understand their intentions

Front 89

The description "I am well liked and will usually help others but sometimes I'm cruel and inconsiderate" was most likely made by a(n)

Back 89

adolescent

Front 90

Induction may be effective at promoting children's moral development because

Back 90

inductive techniques illustrate and may help the child to integrate several aspects of morality

Front 91

Toddlers who are less inclined to feel compassion for a distressed companion and more inclined to experience personal distress are those who _____.

Back 91

have behaviorally inhibited, or fearful temperaments

Front 92

A person at Kohlberg's stage 3 might justify returning a wallet full of money because

Back 92

nice people perform such acts of kindness

Front 93

A basic distinction between Kohlberg's and Piaget's theories or moral development is that

Back 93

Kohlberg argues that moral development continues far beyond Piaget's autonomous stage

Front 94

One reason that the frequency of aggression declines from age 3 to 6 years is that children

Back 94

become better at regulating anger and negative emotions
begin to internalize adult-specified rules of conduct
acquire other strategies for settling disputes

Front 95

Dodge has identified a hostile attributional bias that reactive aggressors display. In accord with the hostile attributional bias, reactive aggressors are likely to _____ hostile intent to a harm-doer when_____ .

Back 95

over-attribute; the harm-doer's intent is ambiguous

Front 96

After perceiving that someone is in distress, ____________ is the first step in Batson’s empathy/altruism hypothesis.

Back 96

adopting the other person’s perspective

Front 97

Amy's mother says "Amy honey, eat your spinach, it is good for-you." Amy says "I hate spinach and I'm not eating it. I want ice cream!" Mom says "OK sweetie, let's have some ice cream." Amy's mother sounds like a(n) _____parent.

Back 97

permissive

Front 98

Marital discord prior to a divorce provides an unhealthy context for child development by _____.

Back 98

undermining children’s emotional security
undermining parental sensitivity
inducing bouts of child anxiety and depression

Front 99

According to research on Kohlberg’s stages and associated levels of cognitive development, which of the following is impossible?

Back 99

an individual with very poor role-taking skills who reasons at Kohlberg’s conventional level

Front 100

Rene Spitz’s comparison of the development of children raised in orphanages to children raised in prisons found all of the following except

Back 100

at 3 years of age, orphan-raised children’s motor skills were similar to the prison-reared children