Child Psychology From A Child's World

Front 1

A Change in kind, structure, or organization of a behavioral characteristic is referred to as a _________ change

Back 1

Qualitative

Front 2

Marsha is taking a class in lifespan development. This class addresses the study of humans:

Back 2

from conception through older adulthood and death

Front 3

Dr. Ortiz is a pediatrician who charts the growth of the body and brain, and motor skills. Dr Ortiz appears to focus on:

Back 3

Physical development

Front 4

Dr. Dunn studies the way that children of different ages organize information in memory. Hi research focus is primarily on ________ development

Back 4

Coggnitive

Front 5

In some preindustrialized countries, the concept of ________ does not exist.

Back 5

Adolescence

Front 6

Attachment is most important in

Back 6

Infancy

Front 7

The study of the ways children differ from one another is referred to as the study of

Back 7

individual differences

Front 8

Characteristics that are the result of inborn influences are generally attributed to

Back 8

heredity

Front 9

The totality of experiential influences on development is generally referred to as

Back 9

The environment

Front 10

A _________ is a specific time during development when a given event, or lack of an event, has the greatest impact.

Back 10

Critical period

Front 11

A theory is a set of

Back 11

logically related statements seeking to describe, explain, and predict human behavior

Front 12

The statement, "If children learn aggression from models, then children who watch violent television shows should be more aggressive than children who watch nonviolent shows," is an example of a

Back 12

Hypothesis

Front 13

Freud maintained that children develop in an unvarying sequence of _______ stages of development

Back 13

Psychosexual

Front 14

Each of Erikson's stages of development involves a major issue that is important at a particular time. Erikson referred to these issues as

Back 14

Crises

Front 15

A long-lasting change in behavior as a result of experience or adaptation to the environment is called

Back 15

Learning

Front 16

The scientific method, as applied in any field of study, is based on what elements?

Back 16

Observation and recording of data, testing of alternative hypotheses, and widespread public dissemination of results

Front 17

When conducting research, scientists typically study a __________ and generalize the results to a _________.

Back 17

Sample; Population

Front 18

When performing psychological research with children, a researcher's primary consideration must be

Back 18

Research ethics

Front 19

The information-processing approach to explaining cognitive development compares the brain to a

Back 19

Computer

Front 20

_________ developed the concept of the "zone of proximal development" to explain the gap between what a child is already able to do and what he or she is not quite ready to do alone.

Back 20

Lev Vygotsky

Front 21

Laurence and Kristina have read about their baby's development and learned that their baby will grow more rapidly during the ___________ than at any other time.

Back 21

First month after conception

Front 22

Melissa has had two miscarriages and is understandably anxious about her third pregnancy. She realizes that a miscarriage, or spontaneous abortion, is most likely to occurs in which trimester of the pregnancy?

Back 22

First

Front 23

Miscarriages are most commonly caused by

Back 23

chromosomal abnormalities

Front 24

Tehra's obstetrician is using a medical procedure that employs high-frequency sound waves to detect the outline of the fetus and observe its movements. This is called a(n)

Back 24

Ultrasound

Front 25

Environmental factors that may produce birth defects are called

Back 25

Teratogens

Front 26

Carl and Eleanor have been going for a morning run for the past three years. They are concerned about whether or not they can continue now that Eleanor is pregnant. What is the appropriate level of exercise for pregnant women?

Back 26

Pregnant women should exercise moderately throughout their pregnancy

Front 27

Drinking alcohol during pregnancy is associated with

Back 27

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Front 28

How much alcohol can a pregnant woman safely drink?

Back 28

None. There is no known "safe" level of drinking during pregnancy

Front 29

Children born to women who smoke during pregnancy tend to show

Back 29

Retardation of growth, social maladjustment, learning problems in school

Front 30

What is Amniocentesis

Back 30

A procedure where a sample of fluid is taken from around the fetus and analyzed for possible defects

Front 31

The science that specializes in the birth of babies is called

Back 31

obstetrics

Front 32

women who have given birth during the past fifty years have benefited from a dramatic reduction in risks surrounding pregnancy and childbirth. This is due to:

Back 32

Use of antibiotics, implementation of prenatal care, use of anesthesia.

Front 33

A surgical incision was made in Lana's abdomen in order for her to deliver her baby. This procedure is called a

Back 33

cesearean section

Front 34

Cesarean deliveries

Back 34

are often performed unnecessarily

Front 35

In the first few days of life, newborns typically

Back 35

lose weight

Front 36

Most babies begin to breathe

Back 36

as soon as they leave the birth canal

Front 37

The _________ is a test that assesses five aspects of behavior in order to measure a newborn's response to the environment

Back 37

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral assessment Scale

Front 38

Who is most likely to have a low-birth-weight baby?
Adele, who is 25 in good health and has had one normal delivery
Bianca who is 40, in generally good health but has high blood pressure, and has had no previous pregnancies.
Carol who is 17, pregnant for the first time, and in good health
Dana, who is 37, underweight, smokes, and has had five previous pregnancies.

Back 38

Dana, who is 37, underweight, smokes, and has had five previous pregnancies.

Front 39

Which of the following is beneficial for a low-birth-weight baby?
Being placed in isolation to avoid human contact.
Being touched and massaged frequently.
Being in a simple sensory environment to avoid over-stimulation
Being in a cool environment to reduce fluid loss from sweating.

Back 39

Being touched and massaged frequently

Front 40

According to the most recent research cited in the text, a strong mother-infant bond can develop

Back 40

Even if the newborn and mother do not have contact during the first few hours after birth.

Front 41

Children's most rapid physical growth takes place during the ________ year of life.

Back 41

First

Front 42

According to the cephalocaudal principle,

Back 42

upper body parts develop before the lower parts

Front 43

The _________ principle states that development proceeds from the central part of the body to the outer part

Back 43

Proximodistal

Front 44

The brain and the spinal cord are both part of the _________ nervous system

Back 44

Central

Front 45

Periods of rapid brain growth and development are called

Back 45

brain-growth spurts

Front 46

The first sense to develop is the sense of

Back 46

Touch

Front 47

Physical skills that involve the large muscles are called _________ motor skills, and physical skills that involve the small muscles and eye-hand coordination are called ________ motor skills

Back 47

Gross; Fine

Front 48

Which of the following milestones of motor development seems to have the most profound implications for the baby's physical, intellectual, and emotional development?

Back 48

Emergence of self-locomotion

Front 49

A major factor in infant mortality that can cause long-term physical or cognitive problems and is largely preventable is

Back 49

Anoxia

Front 50

Dr. Lewis is giving you parents advice on how they can reduce the likelihood of SIDS. What is she likely telling them?

Back 50

Babies should be encouraged to sleep on their backs.

Front 51

A major determinant of self-esteem is a child's view of his or her capacity to

Back 51

complete productive work

Front 52

Children's self-concepts in middle childhood are ___________ they are in earlier periods of development.

Back 52

more complex than

Front 53

The developmental task of middle childhood is resolving the crisis of

Back 53

Industry versus inferiority

Front 54

Coregulation is

Back 54

A transitional stage of middle childhood in which parent and child share control

Front 55

What influences a child's adjustment to divorce?

Back 55

The manner in which parents handle issues like custody and visitation
The Child's age or maturity
The child's relationship with a stepparent

Front 56

In middle childhood, __________ have more friends, and _____________ have closer friends

Back 56

Boys; girls

Front 57

In middle childhood what is the typical composition of a peer group?

Back 57

Peer groups are usually all boys or all girls, because children of the same sex have common interests and girls are generally more mature than boys

Front 58

How would you summarize Selman's work regarding friendships in childhood?

Back 58

A child's perception of friendship develops in stages.
Friendship seems to be an innate byproduct of evolution.
Friendship develops along with psychosexual maturation

Front 59

Which of the following pschological disorders is not among the most common disorders in childhood?

Anxiety
Schizophrenia
Mood disorders
Disruptive Conduct Disorder

Back 59

Schizophrenia

Front 60

In the United States during the 1990s, the use of drug therapy for school age children

Back 60

greatly increased

Front 61

Fred is involved in a heated argument with Gene. Gene believes that the stages of the child's cognitive development are worth studying. Fred sarcastically comments that this field of study is nothing more than speculation about the mind and that all that really matters is what you observe individuals doing. It appears that while Gene is taking a _________ approach, Fred is a proponent of the ___________ approach.

Back 61

Piagetian; behaviorist

Front 62

Whenever 1-year-old Greg says "Da-Da," his father comes over and picks him up. Soon, Greg is saying "Da-Da" constantly. This example illustrates ________, and Greg being picked up serves as the ________.

Back 62

operant conditioning; reinforcer

Front 63

Two-year- old monica was playing with a balloon when it popped in her face and frightened her. Now when she sees a balloon, she starts to cry. This type of learning is called

Back 63

classical conditioning

Front 64

Piaget's theory:
a. has continued to be accepted with modifications
b. has been found to be deeply flawed
has stimulated little recent research
d. was influential only in the 1950;s and 1960's

Back 64

a

Front 65

_________ memory refers to remembering that occurs without effort or even conscious awaremenss.

Back 65

implicit or explicit? not sure year

Front 66

Babies learn speech best from

Back 66

communication with someone

Front 67

When does a child usually say his/her first work?

Back 67

10 to 14 months

Front 68

__________ postulated the zone of proximal development.

Back 68

Vygotsky

Front 69

The short-term storage of information that the brain actively processes is referred to as _________ memory.

Back 69

Working

Front 70

______ memory refers to remembering that occurs without effort or even conscious awareness.

Back 70

Implicit

Front 71

The best way to respond to an infant who is crying is to

Back 71

respond regularly with tender, soothing care

Front 72

Smiling is an important social behavior in infants because it

Back 72

is one of the ways that babies can encourage adults to respond to them

Front 73

Which of the following statements about temperament is correct?
A. Temperament appears to be largely determined by genetics
B. Temperament is learned.
C. Temperament, once set, rarely changes
D. Second-born children are likely to have easier temperaments than firstborns

Back 73

A

Front 74

"Goodness of fit" implies that parents should deal with problems of temperament by

Back 74

Helping their child make some adaptions but essentially accepting their child's temperament

Front 75

Gretta and her mother have a reciprocal, enduring emotional tie. This emotional tie between an infant and a caregiver is called

Back 75

Attachment

Front 76

Our image of ourselves is called out

Back 76

Self-Concept

Front 77

The process by which children learn behavior that their culture considers appropriate for each sex is called

Back 77

gender typing

Front 78

Research on sibling relationships in infancy indicates that

Back 78

the quality of each child's attachment to the parents predicts the quality of the sibling relationship

Front 79

Differences in sociability among very young children

Back 79

are associated with the amount of time babies spend with other babies

Front 80

Which of the following is the foundation for socialization?

Back 80

self-awareness

Front 81

Excessive weight gain during the early childhood period is a result of

Back 81

Caloric intake
A lack of exercise
Heredity

Front 82

Which of the following is NOT recommended when trying to encourage healthy eating habits in early childhood?
a. serve finder foods as often as possible
b. be tolerant of food rituals
c. encourage pleasant conversation at mealtimes
d. insist that the child clean his or her plate

Back 82

D. Insist that the child clean his or her plate.

Front 83

Which of the following statements regarding sleep terrors is false?
A. The child typically is unable to go back to sleep after awakening from sleep terrors
B. Sleep terrors are simply an effect of very deep sleep
C. Sleep terrors are not indicative of underlying emotional problems
D. Sleep terrors usually go away or are outgrown

Back 83

A
A child does not have trouble sleeping after a night terror and do not remember them in the morning.

Front 84

Jack has occasionally been quite upset when he awakens in the morning. He tells his parents that he dreamed he was being chased by the large dog that lives down the street. Jack is experiencing

Back 84

Nightmares

Front 85

Which of the following is NOT typically a factor in enuresis?
A. Family history
B. Emotional stress
C. Heredity
D. Sex of the child

Back 85

B. Emotional stress

Front 86

Which of the following childhood illnesses is vaccine-preventable?
A. Measles
B. Tuberculosis
C. Whooping cough
D. All of the above

Back 86

D. All of the above

Front 87

In the United States, the leading cause of death among children today is

Back 87

Accidents

Front 88

Research indicates that the chief factor associated with U.S. children's poor health today is

Back 88

Low income

Front 89

Which of the following statements about children's exposure to smoking is correct?
A. About 43% of children aged 2 months to 11 years old live with smokers and are exposed daily to secondhand smoke.
B. Passive exposure to tobacco smoke increases the risk of contracting a number of medical problems, including bronchitis, otitis media, and asthma
C. Passive exposure to smoke may lead to cancer in adulthood
D All of the above

Back 89

All of the above

Front 90

A government program providing medical assistance to low income families is called

Back 90

Medicaid

Front 91

In his cognitive theory of development, Piaget demonstrated that children ages 7 to 11 years are in the _____ stage of development.

Back 91

Concrete operational

Front 92

The ability to arrange items according to one or more relevant dimensions is called

Back 92

seriation

Front 93

The ability to understand the relationship between each of them to a third is called

Back 93

Transitive inference

Front 94

____________ is the understanding of the relationship between a whole and its parts

Back 94

Class inclusion

Front 95

_______ tests measure a child's capacity to learn, and ___________ tests measure how much children know in various subject areas.

Back 95

Intelligence; achievement

Front 96

Parents' perceived self-efficacy in relation to their child's education is their

Back 96

belief in their own ability to promote their child's academic growth

Front 97

Comparing genders in relation to school performance, girls have been found to:
A. Have better classroom behaviors
B. Have less confidence
C. Be less likely to repeat grades
D. All of the above

Back 97

All of those are true about girls in school

Front 98

Children who do well in school often have parents who are _____ and who stress ______ rewards for doing good work.

Back 98

Authoritative; intrinsic

Front 99

Child who do well in school have parents who

Back 99

become actively involved in their education

Front 100

Which of the following factors can have vast consequences on a child's development?
A. Whether the birth was planned or accidental
B. Whether the birth is welcome or unwanted
C. How old the parents are when the child is conceived or adopted
D. All of the above

Back 100

All of those are true

Front 101

The most common cause of infertility in men is

Back 101

low sperm production

Front 102

The science of genetics focuses on the

Back 102

inherited factors that affect development

Front 103

The _____________ is the basic unit that determines inherited characteristics

Back 103

gene

Front 104

The sex of a child is determined by the sex chromosomes of

Back 104

the father

Front 105

A karyotype is a(n)

Back 105

photographic chart of chromosomal abnormalities

Front 106

The quantitative study of relative hereditary and environmental influences is called

Back 106

behavioral genetics

Front 107

More complex traits such as intelligence, seem to be the result of

Back 107

an interaction between nature and nurture

Front 108

Brain development in middle childhood includes

Back 108

a loss in the density of gray matter
an increase in white matter
insulation of the dendrites and neurons

Front 109

Jonathan and Priscilla are wrestling, hitting, and chasing each other. At the same time, they are laughing and screaming. This sort of behavior is called

Back 109

rough and tumble play

Front 110

Research has substantiated which of the following statements about childhood obesity?

Back 110

Children tend to adopt the eating habits of the people they live with

Front 111

Research has demonstrated that obesity is cause by

Back 111

inherited tendencies, such as a defective appetite-control gene
environmental factors such as poor diet role models
inactivity owing to sedentary lifestyles

Front 112

A common medical problem of overweight child is high:
A. Cholesterol
B Insulin levels
C. Blood pressure
D. All of the above

Back 112

All of the above

Front 113

Jason has a cold. His pediatrician tells his mother that the cold will probably last for two days. Given the short-term nauture of Jason's illness, we would say that he suffers from a(n) ______ medical condition.

Back 113

Acute

Front 114

Agnes, who is 8 years old, was diagnosed with asthma three years ago. Her condition is referred to as a(n) ________ medical condition

Back 114

Chronic

Front 115

Variations in school-age children's health are the result of

Back 115

differences in families' knowledge of health habits and preventive care, differences in families' income and diets they eat, differing beliefs and attitudes about health and healing among various cultural and ethnic groups

Front 116

To decrease childhood injuries, your textbook recommends what about trampolines?

Back 116

parents never buy a trampoline for their children to use at home

Front 117

In Piaget's theory, a symbol refers to a(n)

Back 117

mental representation

Front 118

The ______ is teh most widely used intelligence test for school-age children today.
A. Otis-Lennon School Ability Test
B. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
C. Otis-Wechsler Intelligence Scale
D. Standford-Binet Intelligence Scale

Back 118

B. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children

Front 119

Going from the simplest of most complex, which of the following sequences of types of play is correct?
A. Pretend play, functional play, formal play, constructive play
B. Functional play, constructive play, pretend play, formal games with rules
C. Constructive play, pretend play, functional play, formal games with rules
D. Constructive play, functional play, pretend play, formal games with rules

Back 119

B. Functional Play, constructive play, pretend play, formal games with rules