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Ceramics

Non-metals with high boiling points that aren’t made from carbon based compounds


Clay can be fired to harden to form clay ceramic


Glass is generally transparent and can be moulded when hot and brittle when thin - soda lime and borosilicate

Composites

Made of one material embedded in another - fibres or fragments of a material (reinforcement) and surrounded by a matrix acting as a binder

Examples of composites

Fibreglass - glass fibres in polymer matrix - boats, skis


Carbon fibre - carbon fibres or nanotubes in a polymer matrix - aerospace, sports cars


Concrete - aggregate in cement - building materials


Wood - cellulose fibres in an organic polymer matrix

Polymer Properties

LD poly (ethene) -flexible- used for bags and bottles


HD poly (ethene) -more rigid- used in water tanks & drain pipes

Depend on how it’s made and what it’s made from

Thermosetting Vs Thermosoftening polymers

Setting- monomers form cross links between chains, hold in a solid structure, hard and rigid, don’t soften when heated


Softening- individual polymer chains entwined with weak forces between chains, melt them and remould them

Ceramics

Glass and clay, porcelain and bricks


Insulators of heat and electricity


Brittle (aren’t flexible and break easily) and stiff

Polymers

Insulators of heat and electricity


Can be flexible and easily moulded


Clothing and insulators in electrical items

Composites

Properties depend on matrix/binder and reinforcement


Many uses

Metals

Good conductors of heat and electricity


Malleable, brittle, ductile, shiny and stiff


Many uses including wires and cutlery and car body work

Pure metals and alloy

Pure metals don’t always have the properties needed


Alloys are made by adding another element to the metal


Disrupts structure of metal making alloys harder than pure metal

Corrosion of iron equation

Iron + oxygen + water —> hydrogenated iron (III) oxide (rust)

Iron corrodes (rusts) very easily

Corrosion of Iron & Aluminium

Rust is a soft crumbly solid that flakes off, to leave more iron exposed to rusting again


The aluminium oxide layer formed when aluminium corrodes doesn’t flake away - forms a protective layer

Ways to prevent rusting

Barrier- painting/coating with plastic, electroplating, oiling/greasing


Sacrificial metal- galvanise a metal by spraying t with a coating of a more reactive metal

Natural Resources

Form without human input


Some of these can be improved by man or replaced by synthetic products e.g rubber is now polymers

Bioleaching

Bacteria convert copper compounds in the ore to soluble copper compounds, separating the copper from ore in process, producing leachate


Leachate solution contains copper ions which can be extracted by electrolysis or displacement

Phytomining

Grow plants in soil that contains copper - the plants with store the copper in the leaves as they can’t use it or get rid of it


Plants can be harvested, dried and burned in a furnace


Electrolyse the ash

LCA

Getting raw materials, manufacturing and packaging, using the product, product disposal

Asses the impact a product would have on the environment

Potable Water

Water you can drink


Not pure H2O


pH between 6.5 and 8.5, levels of dissolved salts aren’t too high and there aren’t any bacteria and microbes swimming around

Producing potable water from fresh water sources

Filtration and Sterilisation (bubbling chlorine gas through or by using ultraviolet light)

Ways of sterilising water

Bubbling chlorine gas through it


UV radiation