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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Science
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all the human efforts put forth to achieve a systematic understanding of the physical universe through disciplined inquiry
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Chemistry
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the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter and the changes they undergo
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Chemical
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any substance that has a definite composition
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Organic Chemistry
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study of most carbon-containing compounds
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Inorganic Chemistry
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study of all substances containing elements other than carbon (anything not classified as organic)
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Physical Chemistry
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study of properties transformations and relationships between energy & matter
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Biochemistry
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study of all substances and processes that occur in living things
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Analytical Chemistry
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the identification of substances and the qualitative & quantitative determination of the composition of materials
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Theoretical Chemistry
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the use of mathematics & computers to understand the principles behind observed chemical behavior and to design & predict the properties of new compounds
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Basic Research
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carried out for the sake of increasing knowledge
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Applied Research
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carried out to solve a problem
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Technological Development
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carried out to make products that will improve the quality of our lives
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Goal of Scientific Investigation
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to explain & predict natural phenomena
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Scientific Method
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a logical approach to the solution of problems that lend themselves to investigations by observing and collecting data, formulating hypotheses, and testing and formulating theories that are supported by data
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Observing
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using your senses to get information
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Data
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all the information gathered
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Experiment
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carrying out a procedure under controlled conditions to make the observations and collect data
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System
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a specific portion of matter in a given region of space that has been selected for study during an experiment or observation
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Generalizations
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statements that apply to a range of information
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Model
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can be a physical object or is often an explanation of how phenomena occur and how data or events are related
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Theory
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a broad generalization that explains a body of known facts or phenomena
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Law
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a generalization known over the world that describes a wide variety of behaviors in nature
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Law
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can be expressed by mathematical equations or concise statements
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Matter
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anything that has mass and occupies space
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Mass
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a measure of the quantity of something; the measure of the amount of matter
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Weight
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a measure of the earth's gravitational attraction for something
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Inertia
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the resistance to change in motion
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Inertia
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is directly proportional to the amount of matter that has to be moved
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Law of Conservation of Mass
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matter cannot be either created or destroyed in ordinary chemical or physical changes
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Energy
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the ability to cause change or ability to do work
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Kinetic Energy
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the energy of an object in motion
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Potential Energy
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the energy that an object has because of its position or composition (stored energy)
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Law of Conservation of Energy
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energy can be converted from one form to another but it cannot be created or destroyed in ordinary chemical or physical changes
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Solids
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definite shape and volume
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Liquids
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definite volume & has ability to flow to take the shape of the container (indefinite shape)
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Gases
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NO definite shape or volume
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Plasma
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a high temperature physical state where atoms lose their electrons; so its a gaseous system of positively charged particles & negatively charged electrons
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Property
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characteristics that enables us to distinguish one kind of matter from another
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Extensive property
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depends on the amount of matter present
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Intensive property
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does not depend on the amount of matter
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Physical Property
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can be observed or measured without altering the identity of the material
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Physical Change
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any change in a property of matter that does not result in a change in identity
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Chemical Property
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refers to the ability of a substance to undergo a change that alters its identity
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Chemical Change (Reaction)
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any change in which one or more substances are converted into different substances with different characteristic properties
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Reactant
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substance(s) that undergo a chemical change
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Product
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new substance(s) produced by a chemical reaction
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Exothermic Rxn
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a process releasing heat
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Endothermic Rxn
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a process absorbing heat
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Mixtures
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a combination of two or more kinds of matter each of which retains its own composition and properties
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Heterogeneous mixture
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the composition (and so properties) are not uniform - it differs from point to point in the mixture
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Homogeneous mixture (solution)
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the composition (and so properties) are uniform throughout
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Pure Substance
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a homogeneous sample of matter that has a fixed composition and properties
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Element
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a pure substance that cannot be decomposed by ordinary chemical changes and is only made up of one kind of atom
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Atom
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the smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element
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Compound
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a pure substance that can be decomposed into two or more simpler substances by a chemical change
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Law of Definite Composition
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a chemical compound contains the same element in exactly the same proportions by mass regardless of the size of the sample or source of the compound
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