Chemistry- Solutions

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Solutions

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are homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances

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Solute

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is the substance that is dissolved in the solvent

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solvent

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is the substance that does the dissolving, water is the most common solvent creating an aqueous solution (aq)

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Like dissolves like?

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-a polar solvent, like water, will dissolve polar or ionic substances, like salt
-a non polar solvent, like CCl4, will dissolve a non polar substance, like grease and oil

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Suspensions

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are particles suspended in a media
-have larger particles that will settle in tie and can be seen with the eye

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Solubility

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-depends on the temperature of the water

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Saturated Solutions

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are solutions that under specific conditions hold all of the solute that it is capable of holding in a dissolved state
-at this point, the liquid and solid phase of the solute is at equilibrium

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Unsaturated Solutions

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is a solution in which less solute is dissolved that is capable of being dissolved
-on solubility curve, any point below the line represents an unsaturated solution

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Supersaturated Solutions

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-is a solution in which more solute is dissolved that can be dissolved under ordinary conditions
-any point above the line on a solubility curve represents a supersaturated solutions

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Solids in liquid?

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-on the solubility curve, solids in liquids show an upward curve
-this means that as temperature goes up, solubility goes up
-the lines that goes up in Table G, such as KNO3 and NH4Cl, are solids dissolved in liquid

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Gases in liquid?

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-on the solubility curve, gases in liquids show a downward curve
-this means as temperature goes up, solubility goes down
-as pressure goes up, solubility goes up

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Molarity

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the main way of measuring and describing the concentrations of solutions is through molarity
-# of moles of solute/ 1 liter of solution

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Moles of Solute

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-knowing the concentration of the solution and the volume, we can find the number of moles of solute by rearranging the formula

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Parts per million (ppm)

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-in order to express concentration when only a small amount of solute is dissolved we often use parts per million (ppm)

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One milliliter of water weighs

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1 gm

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Dissolved particles

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the presence of dissolved particles affect some of the properties of the solvent
-these properties include boiling point, freezing point, vapor pressure, etc

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Colligative particles

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are properties which depend on the number of particles of solute
-the affect on boiling and freezing point are measured by knowing the concentration of the solution

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Boiling Point

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-the boiling point of a solvent increases with the addition of a solute
-this is known as boiling point elevation

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Freezing Point

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-the freezing point of a solvent decreases with the addition of a solute
-this is known as freezing point depression

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The depression of freezing point or elevation of boiling point is affected by

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the number of particles regardless of what substance is added

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Atmospheric Pressure

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-the atmosphere, which is a mixture of gases, exerts a pressure on the Earth as a result of its weight
-we are not aware of it because it is exerted in all directions, both inside outside of our body

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Normal Air Pressure

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-normal air pressure is the average sea-level air pressure which is expressed as 101.3 kpa or 1 atm, or 760 mm Hg in some older books

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Vaporization

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-the molecules of a liquid at any given temperature do not all have the same kinetic energy
-those with more kinetic energy move more rapidly and may escape the surface of the liquid in the for of vapor
-this is known as vaporization and may occur at any temperature

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Vapor pressure

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as the vapor escapes the surface of the liquid exerts a pressure on the surface, this is known as vapor pressure
-at the same temperature, the vapor pressure equals the atmospheric pressure. When this occurs vapor can escape from below the surface in the form of bubbles
-this is bubbling

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Definition of boiling point

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-we can define boiling point as the temperature at which the vapor pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure
-normal boiling point is the temperature at which a substance will boil at 101.3 kpa (1 atm)

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Relationship between atmospheric pressure and boiling point

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-As atmospheric pressure goes up, the boiling point goes up
-As atmospheric pressure goes down, the boiling point decreases

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The lowest line at any temperature represents

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the least soluble substance

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The highest line at any temperature represents

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the most soluble substance

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Table G represents

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the maximum amount of salt that will dissolve in 100g of water

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Solids dissolved in liquid become more soluble

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as temperature goes up

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Gases dissolved in liquids become more soluble

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as temperature goes down and pressure goes up

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Soluble salts do what?

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they break into ions and dissolve

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As temperature foes up vapor pressure

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goes up

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As particles of solute are added to a solution, the boiling point (?) and the freezing point (?)

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boiling point goes up and freezing point goes down

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Hows many moles of particles does 1 M NaCl make?

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2 moles of particles