Chemistry Paper 2 (Aqa)

Front 1

What is the equation for the Rate of Reaction?

Back 1

Amount of reactant used OR product formed / time

Front 2

What does the gradient represent on a reactant formed OR used graph?

Back 2

The Rate of Reaction

Front 3

What is the Required Practical associated with Rates of Reactions?

Back 3

Back (Definition)

Front 4

What factors affect the Rates of Reactions?

Back 4

•Temperature

•Concentration

•Surface Area

•Catalysts

Front 5

What are catalysts?

Back 5

A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up in the process.

Front 6

What happens when Incomplete Combustion occurs?

Back 6

Carbon monoxide, unburnt fuels and solid particles containing soot (carbon) may be released.

Front 7

What is a Reversible Reaction?

Back 7

A reaction in which the products can react to produce the original reactants.

Front 8

What is a closed system?

Back 8

A reaction in which no reactants are added and no products are removed.

Front 9

What is Le Chatelier’s Principle?

Back 9

A system in equilibrium is subjected to a change in conditions, then the system shifts to resists the change.

Front 10

What is Carbon monoxide?

Back 10

A colourless, odourless, and toxic gas.

Front 11

According to Le Chatelier’s Principle, what happens in an exothermic reaction?

Back 11

•If the temperature is raised, the yield decreases.

•If the temperature is lowered, the yield increases.

Front 12

According to Le Chatelier’s Principle, what happens in an endothermic reactions?

Back 12

•If the temperature is raised, the yield increases.

•If the temperature is lowered, the yield decreases.

Front 13

According to Le Chatelier’s Principle, what happens if the reaction involves gases?

Back 13

•An increase in pressure favours the reaction that produces the least number of gas molecules.

•A decreases in pressure favours the reaction that produces the greater number of gas molecules.

Front 14

According to Le Chatelier’s Principle, what happens if the concentration of a reactant or product is changed?

Back 14

•The system is no longer an equilibrium.

•The system adjusts until reaches equilibrium once again.

Front 15

What happens when the size of the Hydrocarbon is increased?

Back 15

•Gets more viscous (flows less easily)

•higher boiling point

•the less volatile it is

•more difficult to ignite

Front 16

Describe Alkanes.

Back 16

Carbon atoms linked to four other atoms by single bonds. Alkanes consist of single bonds only and are described as saturated hydrocarbons. They are fairly unreactive but burn well.

The General Formula for Alkanes is:

C\/nH\/2n+2

Front 17

What is Combustion?

Back 17

Burning.

Front 18

During the Combustion of hydrocarbon fuels, what happens?

Back 18

•Both carbon and Hydrogen are oxidised.

•Energy is released.

•Waste products are produced and released into the atmosphere.

Front 19

What is Fractional Distillation?

Back 19

The separation of crude oil by heating it until it evaporates, then condensing and collecting it.

Front 20

How is Sulfur obtained by burning fuels?

Back 20

•Removing it from fuels before burning.

•Removing it from the waste gases after combustion.

Front 21

What is the chemical equation of methane?

Back 21

CH\/4

Front 22

What is the chemical equation for Ethane?

Back 22

C\/2H\/6

Front 23

What is the chemical equation for Ethane?

Back 23

C\/2H\/6

Front 24

What is the chemical equation for Propane?

Back 24

C\/3H\/8

Front 25

What is the chemical equation for Butane?

Back 25

C\/4H\/10

Front 26

What is Cracking?

Back 26

The process of breaking down longer chains of hydrocarbons into shorter chains.

Front 27

What happens during thermal cracking?

Back 27

•Hydrocarbons heated until vaporised

•Vapour is passed as a hot catalyst

•Thermal Decomposition Reaction takes place

•Products include Alkanes and Alkenes

Front 28

What happens during thermal cracking?

Back 28

•Hydrocarbons heated until vaporised

•Vapour is passed as a hot catalyst

•Thermal Decomposition Reaction takes place

•Products include Alkanes and Alkenes

Front 29

What happens during Steam Cracking?

Back 29

Hydrocarbons are mixed with steam and heated to high temperature. This creates Alkenes.

Front 30

What happens during thermal cracking?

Back 30

•Hydrocarbons heated until vaporised

•Vapour is passed as a hot catalyst

•Thermal Decomposition Reaction takes place

•Products include Alkanes and Alkenes

Front 31

What happens during Steam Cracking?

Back 31

Hydrocarbons are mixed with steam and heated to high temperature. This creates Alkenes.

Front 32

Why is there a high demand for Alkenes?

Back 32

They have a small chain of carbon atoms so they are easy to ignite and have low boiling points?

Front 33

What are Alkenes?

Back 33

Unsaturated hydrocarbons with the general formula C\/nH\/2n

Front 34

What happens during fermentation?

Back 34

Sugar = ethanol + carbon dioxide

Temperatures of 25°C to 50°C work the best. If the temperature is:

•Too Low - the yeast becomes inactive and the rate of reaction slows.

•Too high - the yeast is denatured and stops working.

Front 35

What happens during fermentation?

Back 35

Sugar = ethanol + carbon dioxide

Temperatures of 25°C to 50°C work the best. If the temperature is:

•Too Low - the yeast becomes inactive and the rate of reaction slows.

•Too high - the yeast is denatured and stops working.

Front 36

What are the properties of alcohols?

Back 36

•dissolves in water to form neutral solutions.

•react with sodium to produce hydrogen.

•burns in air to produce carbon dioxide and water.

•used as fuels and solvents.

Front 37

What are the properties of Carboxylic Acids?

Back 37

•dissolve in water to form acidic solutions

•react with carbonates to produce carbon dioxide

•react with alcohols.

•doesn’t ionise fully in water, so they are called weak acids.

Front 38

What are Esters?

Back 38

Alcohols and Carboxylic Acids that have reacted together.

Front 39

What properties do Esters posses?

Back 39

•Low boiling point as they are volatile.

•They have distinct smells and are used in perfumes and as flavourings in food.

Front 40

What are Amino Acids?

Back 40

An organic compound contains both a Carboxyl and an Amino.

Front 41

What are the two functional groups of Amino Acids?

Back 41

•Amine Group, NH\/2

•Carboxyl Group, COOH

Front 42

What is DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) formed from?

Back 42

Two Polymer Chains, containing Four Nucleotides, Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), Adenine (A) and Thymine (T).

The two polymer chains form a double helix.

Front 43

What are Starch and Cellulose?

Back 43

Polymers of Sugars, made in Plants and are important for life.

Front 44

What does Sugar, Starch and Cellulose have in common?

Back 44

They are all Carbohydrates?

Front 45

Why are Alkanes useful?

Back 45

Because they are unsaturated, they are useful for making other molecules, especially polymers.

Front 46

What are Starch and Cellulose?

Back 46

Polymers of Sugars, made in Plants and are important for life.

Front 47

What does Sugar, Starch and Cellulose have in common?

Back 47

They are all Carbohydrates?

Front 48

Why are Alkanes useful?

Back 48

Because they are unsaturated, they are useful for making other molecules, especially polymers.

Front 49

What is a Polymer?

Back 49

A long-chain of molecules.

Front 50

What is a Monomer?

Back 50

A Small Molecule with a Double Bond.

Monomers can join together to form Polymers.

Front 51

What is Addition Polymerisation?

Back 51

When a Monomer joins together to form a Polymer.

Front 52

What factors effect the properties of Polymers?

Back 52

•What the Polymer is made from (What Monomer was used).

•The conditions (Temperature and Catalysts involved) under which it was made from.

Front 53

What is Thermosoftening of Polymers such as Poly(Ethene)?

Back 53

Individual Polymer chains that are tangled together. They have weak intermolecular forces between all of the Polymer chains and soften upon heating.

Front 54

What is Thermosoftening of Polymers such as Melanine?

Back 54

Polymer Chains that are joined together by cross-links. They do not melt when heated.

Front 55

What is Condensation Polymerisation?

Back 55

When many small Monomer molecules join together to form large Polymer molecules and small molecules such as water.

Front 56

What happens to Amino Acids after Condensation Polymerisation?

Back 56

They join together to form Polypeptides and Water.

Front 57

What happens to Amino Acids after Condensation Polymerisation?

Back 57

They join together to form Polypeptides and Water.

Front 58

What is a pure substance?

Back 58

Something that contains only one type of element or one type of compound.

Front 59

What are Formulations?

Back 59

Mixtures that have been carefully designed to have specific properties.

Front 60

What is the Required Practical associated with Chromatography?

Back 60

Back (Definition)

Front 61

How do you calculate Rf Values?

Back 61

Distance moved by substance/Distance moved by solvent

Front 62

How do you test for Hydrogen?

Back 62

When mixed with air, and burnt, it pops.

Front 63

How do you test for Chlorine?

Back 63

Turns damp indicator paper white.

Front 64

How do you test for Oxygen?

Back 64

If the splint is lit.

Front 65

How do you test for Carbon Dioxide?

Back 65

When bubbled through limewater, turns limewater cloudy.

Front 66

What happens if you Oxidise an Alcohol?

Back 66

Carboxyllic Acid

Front 67

Why do we mix Natural and Man Made Polymers?

Back 67

Because Natural Polymers are weak but Man Made Polymers are made of crude oil.

Front 68

What is the Required Practical associated with Flame Tests?

Back 68

Back (Definition)

Front 69

When doing a Flame Test, what colours are associated with what metal?

Back 69

Back (Definition)

Front 70

What precipitates are formed from each metal?

Back 70

Back (Definition)

Front 71

What colour precipitate do Chlorides form?

Back 71

White.

Front 72

What colour precipitates do Bromides form?

Back 72

Cream.

Front 73

What colour precipitates do Iodides form?

Back 73

Pale Yellow.

Front 74

What is a Halide?

Back 74

A halogen (fluorides, chlorides, bromides or iodides).

Front 75

How was the Earth formed?

Back 75

Back (Definition)

Front 76

Why have Carbon Dioxide levels decreased?

Back 76

1) As plants and algae evolve they need more carbon dioxide to photosynthesise.

2) Carbon becomes locked in sedimentary rocks and fossil fuels.

3) Limestone contains Calcium Carbonate and can form shells and skeletons of sea creatures.

4) The reaction between Carbon Dioxide and sea water, in which insoluble carbonates are deposited as sediment, and soluble hydrogen carbonates are produced. HOWEVER TOO MUCH CARBON DIOXIDE DISSOLVING ON OCENAS CAN CAUSE HARM TO MARINE LIFE.

Front 77

What is the Impact of Human Activities on the world?

Back 77

Back (Definition)

Front 78

What is the Impact of Human Activities on the world?

Back 78

Back (Definition)

Front 79

What would happen without Greenhouse Gases?

Back 79

The Earth would be too cold and water wouldn’t be a liquid.

Front 80

What are Greenhouse Gases?

Back 80

High energy, short Wavelength infrared radiation from the sun. Some examples of Greenhouse Gases are Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapour and Methane.

Front 81

What are LCAs?

Back 81

A way of assessing the environmental impact a product has in its lifetime.

Front 82

What do you need to measure to carry out a LCA?

Back 82

Back (Definition)

Front 83

What do you need to measure to carry out a LCA?

Back 83

Back (Definition)