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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Colloid
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a mixture whose particles are intermediate in size between those of a suspension and a solution (1 – 100 nm)
i. Cloudy when concentrated, clear when dilute ii. Exhibit Tyndall effect (scattering light) iii. Exhibit Brownian motion (chaotic movement of particles) |
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Hydrogen bond
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a relatively strong intermolecular force in which a hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to a very electronegative atom is also weakly bonded to an unshared electron pair of another electronegative atom in the same molecule or one nearby
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brownian motion
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the chaotic movement of colloidal particles, caused by collision with particles of the solvent in which they are dispersed
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deliquescent
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a term describing a substance that removes sufficient water from the air to form a solution; the solution formed has a lower vapor pressure than that of the water in the air (remove enough water from air to dissolve)
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desiccant
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a hygroscopic substance used as a drying agent (ex. silica gel)
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effloresce
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to lose water of hydration; the process occurs when the hydrate has a vapor pressure higher than that of water vapor in the air
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electrolyte
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a compound that conducts an electric current in aqueous solution or in the molten state; all ionic compounds are electrolytes, but most covalent (molecular) compounds are not
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emulsion
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the colloidal dispersion of one liquid in another
b. Emulsifying agent necessary for forming/maintaining stability c. Examples: i. Soap emulsifies oil in water ii. Egg yolks emulsify oil and vinegar to make mayonnaise |
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hygroscopic
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a term describing salts and other compounds that remove moisture from the air
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suspension
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a mixture form which some of the particles settle out slowly upon standing (particles are greater than 100 nm)
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tyndall effect
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scattering of light by particles in a colloid or suspension, which causes a beam of light to become visible
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hydrate
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a compound that contains water of hydration (water of hydration – water molecule that are part of a crystal structure); this entire crystalline structure (including water molecules) is called the hydrate
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miscible
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describes liquids that dissolve in each other
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saturated (solution)
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a solution containing the maximum amount of solute for a given amount of solvent at a constant temperature and pressure; an equilibrium exists between undissolved solute and ions in solution
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activation energy
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minimum energy colliding particles must have in order to react
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Catalyst
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a substance that increases the rate of reaction by lowering the activation-energy barrier; the catalyst is not used up
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entropy
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a measure of the disorder of a system; systems tend to go from a state of order (low entropy) to a state of maximum disorder (high entropy)
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free energy
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the energy available to do work (Can be obtained from reactions that actually occur)
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amphoteric
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substance that can act as both an acid and a base; water is amphoteric
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Solution
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stable, homogeneous mixture, particles are less than 1nm
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Describe how temperature and pressure can effect the solubility of a solute
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Increased temperature increases the frequency and force of collisions.
a. For solids dissolved in liquids, solubility usually increases with increasing temp b. For gases dissolved in liquids, solubility decreases with increasing temp c. Solubility of gases increases with increased pressure above gas |
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Collision theory
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Atoms, ions, and molecules can react to form products when they collide, provided that the particles have enough kinetic energy. Particles lacking the necessary kinetic energy to react bounce apart when they collide. Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy particles must have to react.
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Arrhenius acids
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compounds that ionize to yield hydrogen ions in aqueous solution
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Arrhenius bases
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compounds that ionize to yield hydroxide ions in aqueous solution
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BL acid
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hydrogen-ion donor
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BL base
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hydrogen-ion acceptor
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Lewis acid
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Substance that can accept a pair of electrons to form covalent bond
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Lewis base
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Substance that can donate a pair of electrons to form covalent bond
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Strong/weak acids and bases
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Strong acids are completely ionized in aqueous solutions. (dissociate completely)
Weak acids ionize only slightly in aqueous solutions. Strong dissociate completely in water; weak don't |