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58 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

lipids- soluble or insoluble in water?

insoluble

when are lipids soluble?

when dissolved in non polar solvents

what are the functions of lipids?

act as energy storehouses for animals


parts of membranes


chemical messengers



what are lipids?

waxy, greasy, oily compounds found in plants and animals

what is difference between carbs and lipids

carbs: 4 Kcal/gram C6H12O6


lipids: 9 Kcal/gram C18H36O2




lipids have fewer oxygens and more carbons with unit weight. they have more potential energy

what are the two main classes of lipids?

saponifiable and nonsaponifiable

saponifiable lipids include...

simple and complex lipids.




simple- fats and waxes


complex- phosphoglycerides and sphingolipids

what are the nonsaponifiable lipids?

steroids and prostaglandins

what do simple lipids contain?

one alcohol


3 fatty acids

what is a fatty acid?

a long, straight chain of carboxylic acids with 10-20 carbons


no branching


may contain unsaturated (double bonded) carbons with cis form dominant

fatty acids are referred to as amphiphatic. what does amphiphatic mean?

it has both a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic region

what part of the fatty acid is the hydrophilic region? (water loving)

the carboxylic acid (COOH)

What is the hydrophobic region of a fatty acid?

the tail; will not come into contact with the water but will extend into the interior

the more double bonds, the _____ the melting point and the _____ the boiling point

lower; lower

the lower the double bonds (more saturated), the ______ the boiling point and ____ the melting point

higher; higher

the human body can synthesize all but two fatty acids it needs. what are they?

linoleic acids (omega 6)


lenolenic acids (omega 3)

linoleic acid/omega 6: what is function?

helps normalize glucose levels; could inhibit cancer; important for cognitive and behavioral function and growth and development




fruits, vegetables, grains, nuts, seeds

linolenic acid/omega 3: function?

reduce blood clotting/inflammation, important in cognitive/behavioral function and growth and development. converted to docosahexanoic acid which is a component of phospholipid membranes in brain and retina




dairy products, leafy greens, fish

what is important about essential fatty acids?

must be obtained in the diet

fats are ________ , which are esters

triglycerides

what are esters made of?

carboxylic acid and an alcohol

what is the alcohol part and what is the acid part of the ester?

alcohol part: glycerol


acid part: fatty acid

describe saturated fatty acid

animal fat


no double bonds


solids at room temp (or higher)

unsaturated fatty acid?

plant fat


1,2, or 3 double bonds


liquids at room temp


often oils

properties of pure fats and oils?

colorless, odorless, tasteless

polyunsaturated fats

oils with an average of more than 1 double bond per fatty acid

what do saturated fats do in our bloodstream?

without double bonds, they have the ability to pack tightly. the tightly packed levels of saturated fatty acids enter the bloodstream and increase levels of LDL (low density lipoprotein). this is bad because it LDL carries cholesterol to tissues and the saturated fat can clog arteries


why is HDL good?

able to "grab" LDL and carry to the liver where it can be broken down and taken out of the body

how can polyunsaturated fats cause cancer?

polyunsaturated fat is prone to oxidation, which leads to generation of free radicals

what is hydrolysis?

the addition of H20

what does hydrolysis do?

converts fats into glycerol and 3 fatty acids

what is hydrogenation?

the addition of 2 hydrogens to carbon double bond

what does hydrogenation do?

converts unsaturated liquid oils into solid fats

what does partial hydrogenation do?

will produce a semi-like solid such as margarine and will increase shelf life


removes essential fatty acids (linoleic and linolenic acids)

trans fatty acids:

adverse affects on blood lipid levels


cause HD


lowers HDL and raises LDL


"toxic additives" or "gene altering"


ALL nutrients removed



causes of trans fatty acids:

cancer


tissue breakdown


digestive disorders


clogged arteries


neurological disorders

what are waxes made of?

ester of long fatty acid chain and alcohol

do waxes have a higher or lower melting point than fats?

higher

purpose of waxes?

protective coating in plants


coating on feathers and fur of animals


cosmetics, candles, ointments





function of simple lipids (fats and oils)

energy storage

function of complex lipids (phosphoglycerides and sphingolipids)?

constitute main components of membranes

similarity to simple and complex lipids?

both have glycerol backbone

difference in simple and complex lipids?

complex lipids have a P and an N

what is a phospholipid?

complex lipid that contains an alcohol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group




ex: phosphoglyceride

the most abundant phosphoglycerides have:

either choline, ethanolamine, and serine

when phospholipid contains choline:

referred to as phosphotidylcholine or lecithin

when phosphoglyceride contains ethanolamine and serine

referred to as cephalins


found in platelets, important for clotting

lipid bilayer

two rows of complex lipid molecules arranged tail to tail with hydrophilic heads projecting to inner and outer surfaces

sphingolipids

backbone alcohol is sphingosine and it has two substitution locations (NH2 and OH)




NH2 replaced with fatty acid


OH replaced with phosphate group



glycolipids

contain a carbohydrate group and fatty acid attached to a sphingosine

where are glycolipids found?

membranes of brain cells and membranes of macrophages

what do steroids consist of?

consist of 3 six members rings + 1 five membered ring

what is the most abundant steroid in the human body?

cholesterol

what are steroids the building blocks for?

hormones

what are 4 nonsaponifiable lipids?

estradiol, ethynyl estradiol, cortisol, sodium glycocholate

what is the purpose of having cholesterol in the lipid bilayer?

it keeps the hydrophobic tails from grouping together and forming a stiff structure. the membrane remains fluid and flexible.

what are prostaglandins


found in every cell in the body


unsaturated carboxylic acids


20 C skeleton + 5 membered ring


synthesized from fatty acid/arachidonic acid


act like hormones (chemical messengers) but do not move to different sites. they remain within the cell they were synthesized.

function of prostaglandins?

aid inflammatory response (pain and fever)


stimulates constriction and clotting of platelets


prevents clotting in other areas where should not be happening


causes uterine contractions during labor


involved with GI tract: inhibit acid synthesis and increase protective mucus secretions


increase blood flow in kidneys


promote constr of bronchi associated with asthma