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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
lipids- soluble or insoluble in water? |
insoluble |
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when are lipids soluble? |
when dissolved in non polar solvents |
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what are the functions of lipids? |
act as energy storehouses for animals parts of membranes chemical messengers |
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what are lipids? |
waxy, greasy, oily compounds found in plants and animals |
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what is difference between carbs and lipids |
carbs: 4 Kcal/gram C6H12O6 lipids: 9 Kcal/gram C18H36O2 lipids have fewer oxygens and more carbons with unit weight. they have more potential energy |
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what are the two main classes of lipids? |
saponifiable and nonsaponifiable |
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saponifiable lipids include... |
simple and complex lipids. simple- fats and waxes complex- phosphoglycerides and sphingolipids |
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what are the nonsaponifiable lipids? |
steroids and prostaglandins |
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what do simple lipids contain? |
one alcohol 3 fatty acids |
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what is a fatty acid? |
a long, straight chain of carboxylic acids with 10-20 carbons no branching may contain unsaturated (double bonded) carbons with cis form dominant |
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fatty acids are referred to as amphiphatic. what does amphiphatic mean? |
it has both a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic region |
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what part of the fatty acid is the hydrophilic region? (water loving) |
the carboxylic acid (COOH) |
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What is the hydrophobic region of a fatty acid? |
the tail; will not come into contact with the water but will extend into the interior |
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the more double bonds, the _____ the melting point and the _____ the boiling point |
lower; lower |
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the lower the double bonds (more saturated), the ______ the boiling point and ____ the melting point |
higher; higher |
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the human body can synthesize all but two fatty acids it needs. what are they? |
linoleic acids (omega 6) lenolenic acids (omega 3) |
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linoleic acid/omega 6: what is function? |
helps normalize glucose levels; could inhibit cancer; important for cognitive and behavioral function and growth and development fruits, vegetables, grains, nuts, seeds |
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linolenic acid/omega 3: function? |
reduce blood clotting/inflammation, important in cognitive/behavioral function and growth and development. converted to docosahexanoic acid which is a component of phospholipid membranes in brain and retina dairy products, leafy greens, fish |
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what is important about essential fatty acids? |
must be obtained in the diet |
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fats are ________ , which are esters |
triglycerides |
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what are esters made of? |
carboxylic acid and an alcohol |
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what is the alcohol part and what is the acid part of the ester? |
alcohol part: glycerol acid part: fatty acid |
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describe saturated fatty acid |
animal fat no double bonds solids at room temp (or higher) |
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unsaturated fatty acid? |
plant fat 1,2, or 3 double bonds liquids at room temp often oils |
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properties of pure fats and oils? |
colorless, odorless, tasteless |
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polyunsaturated fats |
oils with an average of more than 1 double bond per fatty acid |
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what do saturated fats do in our bloodstream? |
without double bonds, they have the ability to pack tightly. the tightly packed levels of saturated fatty acids enter the bloodstream and increase levels of LDL (low density lipoprotein). this is bad because it LDL carries cholesterol to tissues and the saturated fat can clog arteries
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why is HDL good? |
able to "grab" LDL and carry to the liver where it can be broken down and taken out of the body |
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how can polyunsaturated fats cause cancer? |
polyunsaturated fat is prone to oxidation, which leads to generation of free radicals |
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what is hydrolysis? |
the addition of H20 |
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what does hydrolysis do? |
converts fats into glycerol and 3 fatty acids |
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what is hydrogenation? |
the addition of 2 hydrogens to carbon double bond |
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what does hydrogenation do? |
converts unsaturated liquid oils into solid fats |
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what does partial hydrogenation do? |
will produce a semi-like solid such as margarine and will increase shelf life removes essential fatty acids (linoleic and linolenic acids) |
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trans fatty acids: |
adverse affects on blood lipid levels cause HD lowers HDL and raises LDL "toxic additives" or "gene altering" ALL nutrients removed |
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causes of trans fatty acids: |
cancer tissue breakdown digestive disorders clogged arteries neurological disorders |
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what are waxes made of? |
ester of long fatty acid chain and alcohol |
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do waxes have a higher or lower melting point than fats? |
higher |
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purpose of waxes? |
protective coating in plants coating on feathers and fur of animals cosmetics, candles, ointments |
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function of simple lipids (fats and oils) |
energy storage |
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function of complex lipids (phosphoglycerides and sphingolipids)? |
constitute main components of membranes |
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similarity to simple and complex lipids? |
both have glycerol backbone |
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difference in simple and complex lipids? |
complex lipids have a P and an N |
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what is a phospholipid? |
complex lipid that contains an alcohol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group ex: phosphoglyceride |
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the most abundant phosphoglycerides have: |
either choline, ethanolamine, and serine |
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when phospholipid contains choline: |
referred to as phosphotidylcholine or lecithin |
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when phosphoglyceride contains ethanolamine and serine |
referred to as cephalins found in platelets, important for clotting |
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lipid bilayer |
two rows of complex lipid molecules arranged tail to tail with hydrophilic heads projecting to inner and outer surfaces |
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sphingolipids |
backbone alcohol is sphingosine and it has two substitution locations (NH2 and OH) NH2 replaced with fatty acid OH replaced with phosphate group |
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glycolipids |
contain a carbohydrate group and fatty acid attached to a sphingosine |
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where are glycolipids found? |
membranes of brain cells and membranes of macrophages |
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what do steroids consist of? |
consist of 3 six members rings + 1 five membered ring |
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what is the most abundant steroid in the human body? |
cholesterol |
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what are steroids the building blocks for? |
hormones |
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what are 4 nonsaponifiable lipids? |
estradiol, ethynyl estradiol, cortisol, sodium glycocholate |
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what is the purpose of having cholesterol in the lipid bilayer? |
it keeps the hydrophobic tails from grouping together and forming a stiff structure. the membrane remains fluid and flexible. |
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what are prostaglandins |
found in every cell in the body unsaturated carboxylic acids 20 C skeleton + 5 membered ring synthesized from fatty acid/arachidonic acid act like hormones (chemical messengers) but do not move to different sites. they remain within the cell they were synthesized. |
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function of prostaglandins? |
aid inflammatory response (pain and fever) stimulates constriction and clotting of platelets prevents clotting in other areas where should not be happening causes uterine contractions during labor involved with GI tract: inhibit acid synthesis and increase protective mucus secretions increase blood flow in kidneys promote constr of bronchi associated with asthma |