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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does the quantum number n represent? |
Size of the orbital |
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What is the name of the quantum number n? |
Principle quantum number |
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What does the quantum number l represent? |
Shape of the orbital |
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What is the name of the quantum number l? |
Azimuthal quantum number |
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What does the quantum number ml represent? |
Orientation of the orbital |
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What is the name of the quantum number ml? |
Magnetic quantum number |
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What does the quantum number ms represent? |
Spin of the electron |
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What is the name of the quantum number ms? |
Electron spin quantum number |
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What does Pauli's exclusion state? |
Any two electrons in an atom must have different sets of the four quantum numbers |
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What is Hund's rule? |
Electrons will only pair up in one orbital when all orbitals contain at least one electron |
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What is Aufbau principle? |
Each new electron added as you increase atomic number fills the lowest energy level available |
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Which group contains the alkaline earth metals? |
Group IIA |
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Which classification do most of the halogens fall under? |
Nonmetals |
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Define effective nuclear charge? |
The force felt by the electrons of an atom due to the nucleus |
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Define ionionization energy? |
The energy necessary to remove an electron from an atom |
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What is Henry's Law? |
Partial pressure = k*c |
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What is Boyle's Law? |
P1V1 = P2V2 |
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What is Charles' Law? |
V1/T1 = V2/T2 |
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What is the ideal gas law? |
PV = nRT |
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What is Guy-Lussac's Law? |
P1/T1 = P2/T2 |
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What is Avagadro's Law? |
V1/n1 = V2/n2 |
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What is Graham's Law? |
Rate1/Rate2 = Sqroot(Mmass2/Mmass1) |
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What is Dalton's Law? |
Ptotal = P1 + P2 + ... + Pn |
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Given a closed container, if the container is heated, which value will change? |
Pressure |
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Given a gas at constant pressure, if the container is heated, which value will change? |
Volume |
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Given a gas in a balloon at constant temperature if the balloon is expanded, which value will change? |
Pressure |
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What does isobaric mean? |
Constant Pressure |
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What is the value of R (gas constant) if pressure is in atm and volume is given in liters? |
0.08206 L atm/K mol |
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What is the value of R (gas constant) if pressure is in atm and volume is given in m3? |
0.00008206 m3 atm/K mol 1 L = 0.001 m3 |
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What is the value of R (gas constant) if pressure is in Pa and volume is given in L? |
8314.7 L Pa/K mol 1 atm = 101 325 Pa |
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What is the value of R (gas constant) if pressure is in Pa and volume is given in m3? |
8.314 m3 Pa/K mol 1 atm = 101 325 Pa 1 L = 0.001 m3 |
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What are the assumptions of the ideal gas law? |
Pressure is low Temperatures are high Gases have negligible volume |
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What is the difference between standard conditions and STP? |
Standard conditions mean 298K STP means 273K |
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Order liquid, gas, and solids in order of greatest intermolecular attraction to least? |
solid, liquid, gas |
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What is the energy required to transition from the solid phase to the liquid phase? |
Heat of fusion |
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What is the energy required to transition from the liquid phase to the gas phase? |
Heat of vaporization |
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Which phase conducts sound waves the fastest? |
Solid |
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According to Charles' Law, what is constant? |
V/T |
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According to Boyle's Law, what is constant? |
PV |
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According to Avogadro's Law, what is constant? |
V/n |
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What is it called when a change occurs from solid to liquid? |
Melting |
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What is it called when a change occurs from solid to gas? |
Sublimation |
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What is it called when a change occurs from liquid to gas? |
Evaporation |
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What is it called when a change occurs from gas to liquid? |
Condensation |
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What is it called when a change occurs from gas to solid? |
Deposition |
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What is it called when a change occurs from liquid to solid? |
Freezing |
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What is the critical point? |
The point at which the liquid and gas phase have the same density |
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Under what circumstances might the ideal gas law not apply? |
High pressure Low temperature |
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What is the common name of Acetaldehyde? |
Ethanal |
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What is an enantiomer? |
Stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other. |
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What is an diastereomer? |
Stereoisomers that differ at some stereocenters but not at others are not mirror images. |
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What is an geometric isomer? |
A chemical compound having the same molecular formula as another but a different geometric configuration (atoms or groups of atoms are attached in different spatial arrangements on either side of a bond or a ring) |
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What is a constitutional isomer (or structural)? |
Different molecular structures due to different arrangement of atoms in their molecules. (They differ in the order in which the atoms are connected with each other so they contain different functional groups and or bonding patterns like branching.) |
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Alpha and pi bonds are formed by? |
Alpha bonds - s-orbital Pi bond - p-orbital |
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A molecular orbital can hold what maximum number of electrons? |
2 |
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Resonance energy is? |
The energy difference between the resonance hybrid and the lower energy form that contributes to the resonance hybrid |
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What is linear? |
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What is trigonal-planar? |
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What is tetrahedral? |
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What is trigonal-bupyramidal? |
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What is Octahedral? |
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What is a Lewis base? |
A compound or ionic species that can donate an electron pair to an acceptor compound |
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What is a Lewis acid? |
A compound or ionic species that can accept an electron pair from a donor compound |
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What is a bronsted-lowry base? |
A substance that accepts protons. |
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What is a bronsted-lowry acid? |
A hydrogen atom that has lost its electron to become a positively charged ion of H+ |
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What is a nucleophile? |
A chemical species that donates an electron pair to an electrophile to form a chemical bond in relation to a reaction. |
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What is a electrophile? |
A reagent attracted to electrons. In general, electrophiles are positively charged species that are attracted to an electron rich centre. |
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What are amines? |
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What are amides? |
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SN2 reactions are? |
Rate law = Bimolecular (substrate + nucleophile) Big Barrier = Steric hinderance Alkyl halide = 1o > 2o >> 3o Nucleophile = Strong (usually bearing a negative charge) Solvent = Polar aprotic (eg. DMSO, acetone) Stereochemistry = Inversion |
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SN1 reactions are? |
Rate law = Unimolecular (substrate) Big Barrier = Carbocation stability Alkyl halide = 3o > 2o >> 1o Nucleophile = Weak (usually neutral) Solvent = Polar protic (eg. alcohols) Stereochemistry = Mix of retention and inversion |
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Flow chart for E1, E2, SN1, SN2 |
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What is the position of para, ortho, and meta? |
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B-lactams are? |
A form of amide More reactive than the straight-chain analog Cyclic |
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What is the pH of the blood? |
The normal blood pH is tightly regulated between 7.35 and 7.45. |
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In both the Gabriel and Strecker synthesis what occurs? |
A racemic mixture of amino acids are produced |
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IR spectroscopy will give what useful information? |
Functional groups on the molecule |
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In UV-Vis spectroscopy, electrons move from? |
The higher occupied molecular orbital to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, which must have relatively close energy levels |
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The Heisenberg uncertainty principle asserts that? |
It is important to exactly know both momentum and position of an electron at the same time |
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Going from left to right across the periodic table? |
Decreases atomic radius |
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LiAlH4 is what? |
A reducing agent: an element or compound that loses (or "donates") an electron to another chemical species in a redox chemical reaction. |
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KMnO4 is what? |
A strong oxidizing agent |
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Henderson–Hasselbalch equation |
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Reactions that proceed from gas to liquid to solid are exothermic or endothermic? |
Exothermic |
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Reactions that proceed from solid to liquid to gas are exothermic or endothermic? |
Endothermic |
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A large Ksp suggests? |
A substance is more soluble |
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A solid-phase peptide synthesis proceeds in what direction? |
C-terminal to N-terminal fashion because the C-terminus is bound to the linker throughout the synthetic process |
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In the electron transport chain, which of the following is the component that is reduced but never oxidized? |
Oxygen Almost all elements in the chain are at some point reduced and oxidized. This is the driving force behind the electron transport chain. However, at the end of the chain, oxygen is reduced to form H2O, which is the end fate of the electrons in the chain. |
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A higher Ka indicates? |
A stronger acidity |
