Chemistry Chapter 14

Front 1

Gas solution

Back 1

When temperature is low, gases are more soluble. When pressure is high, gases are more soluble.

Front 2

smaller particles

Back 2

Smaller particles is the faster dissolution because they have greater surface areas to expose to the dissolving actions.

Front 3

salt on a icy road

Back 3

Salt has a lower freezing point than water, so it can melt the ice.

Front 4

surface tention

Back 4

表面張力the resistance of a liquid to increases its surface area

Front 5

vaporization

Back 5

蒸発(作用), 気化

The conversion of a liquid to a gas is known as vaporization.

Front 6

melting

Back 6

融解

The conversion of a solid to a liquid is known as melting.

Front 7

The heat of the fusion

Back 7

融解熱

The heat of the fusion is the energy change required to convert one gram of solid at its melting point to one gram of liquid.

Front 8

Explain why rubbing alcohol warmed to body temperature still feels cold when applied to your skin.

Back 8

Rubbing alcohol feels cold when applied to the skin, because the evaporation of the alcohol absorbs heat from the skin. The alcohol has a fairly high vapor pressure, which produces the cooling effect.

Front 9

On the basis of the kinetic-molecular theory, explain why vapor pressure increases with temperature.

Back 9

As temperature increases, molecular velocities increase. At higher molecular velocities, it becomes easier for molecules to break away from the attractive forces of the liquid.

Front 10

Suggest a method whereby water could be made to boil at 50°C.

Back 10

Water boils when its vapor pressure equals the prevailing atmospheric pressure over the water. In order for water to boil at 50 ºC, the pressure over the water would need to be reduced to a point greater equal to the vapor pressure of the water (92.5 torr).

Front 11

Explain why a higher temperature is obtained in a pressure cooker than in an ordinary cooking pot.

Back 11

In a pressure cooker, the temperature at which the water boils increases above its normal boiling point because the water vapor (steam) formed by boiling cannot escape, resulting in a decreased pressure an increased pressure over water and consequently, an increased boiling temperature.

Front 12

What is the relationship between vapor pressure and boiling point?

Back 12

The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the prevailing pressure is the boiling point.

Front 13

Account for the fact that an ice–water mixture remains at 0°C until all the ice is melted, even though heat is applied to it.

Back 13

The heat energy is absorbed to melt the ice.

Front 14

Why does a boiling liquid maintain a constant temperature when heat is continuously being added?

Back 14

The boiling liquid remains at a constant temperature because the added heat energy is being used to convert the liquid to a gas.

Front 15

Define the terms intermolecular forces and intramolecular forces.

Back 15

Intermolecular forces are the attractive forces between molecules. These forces hold molecules together to form liquids and solids. Intramolecular forces are forces between atoms in a molecule. These forces hold the atoms in a molecule together.

Front 16

dipole

Back 16

双極子（そうきょくし、英: dipole[1]）とは、一対の正負の同じ大きさの単極子をわずかに離れた位置に置いたものである。

Front 17

hydrogen bonding

Back 17

A hydrogen bond is the electrostatic attraction between polar groups that occurs when a hydrogen (H) atom bound to a highly electronegative atom such as nitrogen (N), oxygen (O) or fluorine (F)

Front 18

Which causes a more severe burn: liquid water at 100 °C or steam at 100 °C?

Back 18

Steam molecules will cause a more severe burn. Steam molecules contain more energy at 100 °C due to the energy absorbed during the vaporization stage (heat of vaporization).

Front 19

Regardless of how warm the outside temperature may be, we always feel cool when stepping out of a swimming pool, the ocean, or a shower. Why is this so?

Back 19

When one leaves the swimming pool, water starts to evaporate from the skin of the body. Part of the energy needed for evaporation is absorbed from the skin, resulting in the cool feeling.

Front 20

Viscosity

Back 20

The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress.

Front 21

Vapor pressure

Back 21

Vapor pressure is defined as the pressure exerted by　a vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phases (solid or liquid) at a given temperature in a closed system.

Front 22

Volatility

Back 22

揮発性

volatility is the tendency of a substance to vaporize.

Front 23

Explain what happens when a liquid boils?

Back 23

Boiling is the rapid vaporization of a liquid, which occurs when a liquid is heated to its boiling point, the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the pressure exerted on the liquid by the surrounding environmental pressure.

Front 24

What are dispersion forces? What can you say about the strength ofdispersion forces as a function of molar mass?

Back 24

The London dispersion forces is a weak intermolecular force arising from quantum-induced instantaneous polarization multipoles in molecules. The dispersion forces grow big in proportion to molecular weight.

Front 25

Explain why vapor pressure increases withtemperature using KMT.

Back 25

Because evaporation happens flourishingly　 with a rise in temperature, a steam pressure grows big

Front 26

NAG SAG

Back 26

always soluble

N: NO3 - A: C2H3O2- G: group1( L+, Na+, etc)

S: SO4 2- A: NH4 - G: group 17(F-, Cl-, Br-, etc)

Front 27

PMS and Castro Bear

Back 27

Exception of NAG SAG

not soluble

P: Pb 2+ M: Hg 2+ S: Ag +

Castro Bear: Ca 2+, Sr 2+, Ba 2+

Front 28

strong acid

Back 28

H2SO4, HCl, HNO3

Front 29

weak acid

Back 29

CH3COOH, H2C2O4, H2S, etc

Front 30

strong base

Back 30

alkali metal, and alkali earth metal

NaOH, Ca(OH)2

Front 31

weak base

Back 31

CU(OH)2, FE(OH)3, NH3

Front 32

Write the formula for the conjugate base of thefollowing acids

H2SO3, NH4+1, HC2O4-1, H2S, H2O

Back 32

HSO3 -, NH3, C2O4 -2, HS -, OH -

Front 33

Write the formula for the conjugate acid of thefollowing bases

CN-1, HPO4-2, NH3, NO2-1, H2O

Back 33

HCN, H2PO4 -, NH4 +, HNO2, H3O +

Front 34

HClO + H2O→

Back 34

ClO− + H3O+

Front 35

HClO4 + NH3→

Back 35

ClO4− + NH4+

Front 36

H2PO4− + OH− →

Back 36

HPO4−2 + H2O

Front 37

H3O+ + NH3 →

Back 37

H2O + NH4+

Front 38

H2O + H2O →

Back 38

OH− + H3O+