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38 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Allotropes
two or more forms of the same element that differ in their chemical structure and therefore in their properties
ozone layer
refers to the stratospheric region of maximum ozone concentration
Nucleus
a minuscule and highly dense region composed of protons and neutrons
Protons
positively charged particles
Neutrons
electrically neutral particles
Electron
Much smaller mass than a proton or neutron and a negative electric charge equal in magnitude to that of a proton
periodic properties
array of elements that vary in a regular way with increasing atomic number and that repeat at regular intervals
Outer (valence) electrons
found in the highest energy level and help to account for many of the observed trends in chemical properties
isotopes
two or more forms of the same element (same number of protons) whoes atoms differ in number of neutrons, and in mass
mass number
the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
covalent bond
two electrons that are shared
Lewis structure
a representation of an atom or molecule that shows its outer electrons
single covalent bond
only one pair of shared electrons form the linkage between atoms
structural formula
a representation that replaces each bonded electron pair in a lewis structure with a line
octet rule
the fact that electrons in many molecules are arranged so that every atom (except hydrogen) shares in eight electrons
Polyatomic molecules
Consist of three or more atoms
double bond
a covalent bond consisting of two pairs of a shared electrons
triple Bond
a covalent linkage made up of three pairs of shared electrons
resonace forms
lewis structures that represent hypothetical extremes of electron arrangements in a molecule
wavelength
the distance between successive peaks
freguency
the number of waves passing a fixed point in 1 second
nanometer (nm)
one-billionth of a meter (m)
electromagnetic spectrum
ranges from short and high-energy X-rays and gamma rays to long and low-energy radio waves
radiant energy
is used to refer to the entire collection of different wavelengths, each with its own energy
ultrociolet (UV)region
Lies at wavelengths shorter than those of the visible color of violet
infrared (IR)
at wavelengths longer than those of red visible light, one encounters
quantized
the energy distribution is not really continuous, but consists of many individual steps
photons
individual bundles of energy
steady state
a condition in which a dynamic system is in balance so that there is no net change in concentration of the major species involved
Chapman cycle
the set of natural steady-state reactions for stratospheric ozone
free radical
a highly reative chemical species with one or more unpaired electrons
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
compouns composed of the elements chlorine, fluorine, and carbon
Halons
compounds similar to CFCs, in which bromine or fluorine atoms replace some or all of the chlorine atoms
catalyst
a chemical substance that participates in a chemical reaction and influences its speed without undergoing permanent change
polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs)
water vapor present freezes into ice crystals, forming thin stratospheric clouds
effective stratospheric chlorine
reflecting both chlorine and bromine-containing gases in the stratosphere
hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)
compounds of hydrogen, chlorine, fluorine and carbon
hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
compounds of hydrogen fluorine, and carbon