Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
141 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The three major types of substances from which we obtain energy are... |
Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. |
|
The Process of synthesizing the molecules to make cell structures within a living cell is called... |
anabolism |
|
The overall set of chemical reactions that keep cells alive is called... |
metabolism |
|
A monosaccharide with a ketone group is called... |
c. ketose |
|
An aldose is a monosacccharide.... |
with an aldehyde group. |
|
When most monosaccharides dissolve in water, they form.... |
c. ring structures. |
|
The two monosaccharide units that make up a lactose molecule are... |
d. glucose and galactose |
|
Which of these polysaccharide molecules consists of branched chains of glucose units? |
d. amylopectin and glycogen |
|
Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and muscle tissue as... |
d. glycogen |
|
Fats are defined by their.... |
d. degree of unsaturation |
|
Which are saturated fatty acids? |
a. S: CH3(CH2)10COOH and T: CH3(CH2)16COOH or Lauric Acid from palm kernel oil and stearic acid from beef tallow |
|
Which is a monounsaturated fatty acid? |
c. U: CH3(CH2)7CH==CH(CH2)7COOH or oleic acid from Olive oil |
|
Which is a polyunsaturated fatty acid? |
d. V: CH3CH2(CH==CHCH2)3(CH2)6COOH or Linolenic Acid from Fish oils |
|
Saturated fats often have a high proportion of... |
a. S: CH3(CH2)10COOH and T: CH3(CH2)16COOH or Lauric Acid from palm kernel oil and stearic acid from beef tallow |
|
Polyunsaturated fats (oils) often have a high proportion of... |
d. V: CH3CH2(CH==CHCH2)3(CH2)6COOH or Linolenic Acid from Fish oils |
|
The iodine number of a fat or oil expresses its... |
degree of unsaturation |
|
In general, animal fats differ from vegetable oils in that the oil molecules.... |
d. have more C==C bonds |
|
Peptides are polymers of... |
a. amino acids |
|
The 20 common amino acids that make up proteins differ mainly in their... |
d. side chains |
|
Which of the following is not an alpha amino acid? |
d. H2NCH2CH22CH2COOH |
|
Which of the following is a zwitterion? |
+H3NCH2COO- |
|
In a dipeptide, two amino acids are joined through an.... |
a. amide linkage |
|
The N-terminal amino acid and the C-terminal amino acid of the peptide Met-Ile-Val-Glu-Cys-Tyr-Gln-Trp-Ile are, respectively, |
c. Met and Ile |
|
How many different tripeptides can be formed from alanine, valin, and lysine, when each appears on once in each product? |
c. 6 |
|
The tripeptides represented as Ala-Val-Lys and Lys-Val-Ala are.... |
d. two different peptides |
|
Hydrogen bonds from between the N---H group of one amino acid and the C===O group of another, giving a protein molecule the form of an alpha helix or a beta pleated sheet. What level of protein structure do those forms represent? |
c. secondary |
|
Which level of protein structure is maintained in part by dispersion forces? |
d. tertiary structure |
|
The arrangement of several protein subunits into a specific pattern, as in hemoglobin, is an example of.... |
b. Quaternary structure |
|
Which level of protein structure is maintained in part by dispersion forces? |
b. Disulfide linkages |
|
An acidic side chain of an amino-acid unit on a protein chain reacts with the basic side chain of an amino-acid unit on another chain or at some distance away on the same chain to form a... |
d. salt bridge |
|
When nonpolar side chains of amino-acid units in a protein chain interact with other nonpolar side chains of amino-acid units on another chain or at some distance away on the same chain, the interactions are... |
a. dispersion forces |
|
The molecule on which an enzyme acts is called the enyme's |
d. substrate |
|
According to the induced-fit model of enzyme action, the... |
d. shape of the active site can change somewhat to fit a substrate |
|
An inorganic metal ion working with an enzyme molecule is call a..... |
a. cofactor |
|
An Enzyme is a catalyst, or substance that... |
d. increases reaction rate |
|
The pure protein part on an enzyme is called an.... |
a. apoenzyme |
|
The monomer units of nucleic acids are... |
d. nucleotides |
|
An RNA nucleotide could not contain... |
a. A, Pi, and ribose |
|
A possible base pair in DNA is.. |
b. A-T |
|
A possible base pair in RNA is... |
c. A-U |
|
Nucleic acid base pairs are joined by... |
d. hydrogen bonds |
|
Replication of a DNA molecule involves breaking bonds between the... |
a. base pairs |
|
The second step of DNA replication involves... |
a. Bonding of free nuleotides in the correct sequence |
|
The conversion of mRNA to a sequence of amino acids in a protein is called... |
d. translation |
|
The anticodon base triplet is found on the |
d. tRNA |
|
How many amino acids and how many codons are involved in the genetic code? |
b. 20 amino acids and 64 codons |
|
Each amino acid except tryptophan and methionine is coded for by more than one codon, indicating that the genetic code has... |
b. redundancy |
|
Refer to table 16.5; the codon UGA... |
c. signals "stop" only |
|
Recombiant DNA cloning involves... |
a. combining DNA from two different organisms to make a single new organism. |
|
In producing recombinant DNA, the DNA from the two sources is cut with... |
c. restriction enzymes |
|
Gene therapy is a process where scientists... |
b. insert a functioning gene in place of a defective one |
|
Some geneticists suggest transferring some genes that direct photosynthesis from an efficient crop plant to a less efficient one, thus producing a more productive plant variety. This project wold most likely involve... |
b. genetic engineering |
|
About ______ people in the world are hungry today. |
b. 1 in 7 |
|
The monomer units that make up cellulose and starch, respectively are... |
c. ß- glucose and a-glucose |
|
examples of monosccharides are... |
c. glucose and fructose |
|
People who have lactose intolerance are deficient in the.... |
a. enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of lactose to galactose and glucose |
|
Ordinary corn syrup... |
b. consists mainly of glucose |
|
Small quantities of carbohydrates are stored in liver and muscle tissue as |
d. glycogen |
|
Humans cannot digest cellulose because they lack enzymes for the hydrolysis of.... |
c. ß-glucose linkages |
|
Fats are... |
b. esters of glycerol and fatty acids |
|
Among lipoproteins, LDLs are... |
a. bad because they can block arteries |
|
Which is a monosaturated fatty acid? |
b. CH3(CH2)CH==CH(CH2)7COOH or Oleic acid from olive oil |
|
Which is an omega 3 fatty acid? |
d. CH3(CH2CH==CH)3(CH2)7COOH |
|
Which is a saturated fatty acid? |
a. CH3(CH2)16COOH or stearic acid from beef tallow |
|
The general shape of trans fatty acid molecules is similar to... |
d. saturated fatty acids |
|
According to most health professionals, what percentage of total calories should the daily intake of fat and of saturated fat, respectively, not exceed? |
c. 30, 10 |
|
Gram for gram, protein foods provide the same number of kilocalories as... |
d. carbohydrates |
|
Proteins are copolymers of |
a. amino acids |
|
An essential amino acid is one that.... |
d. must be included in the diet |
|
Which of the following foods do NOT furnish complete protein? |
c. peanuts |
|
The daily protein requirement for a 65kg female is.... |
b. 52g |
|
One can get complete protein by eating whole wheat bread with |
c. peanut butter |
|
Strict vegetarian diets are often deficient in... |
c. vitamin B12 and iron |
|
About what percentage of our body weight is minerals? |
b. 4% |
|
Vitamins are... |
c. specific organic compounds required in the diet to prevent diseases |
|
A deficiency of iodine may be remedied by... |
a. including a greater percentage of seafood in the diet |
|
Iron in red blood cells is part of the... |
b. Hemoglobin |
|
Iron is swiftly depleted from the body by |
d. blood loss |
|
Most of the calcium and phosphorus in the body is in the... |
b. bones and teeth |
|
People with high blood pressure are usually told to restrict intake of... |
c. Na+ |
|
the fat-soluble vitamins are vitamins A, D, E, and... |
d. vitamin K |
|
Eating foods high in fiber... |
c. helps fill you up |
|
During a fasting or starvation, glycogen stores are depleted in about... |
b. one day |
|
After glycogen stores are depleted, the body draws on its reserves of |
b. Fat |
|
When fat reserves have been used up, the body uses for its energy source |
d. structural proteins |
|
The average family in the United States spends what portion of its food budget on fresh fruits and vegetables, meats, and dairy products? |
a. 10% |
|
Compounds that taste sweet to most people include all the following except |
d. MSG |
|
Artificial vanilla... |
a. contains exactly the same vanillin molecule as in natural vanilla |
|
Organic molecules called esters are... |
c. Unique molecules found in highly aromatic and unique plant seeds or bark |
|
Artificial sweeteners include all of the following except... |
b. Stevia |
|
MSG |
b. is the sodium salt of an amino acid. |
|
To use a new food additive, a company must.... |
provide the FDA with evidence that the additive is safe for the intended use... |
|
The food additive that inhibits reproduction of botulism-causing bacteria in processed meats, such as bologna, ham and bacon |
d. sodium nitrite |
|
Calcium propionate is added to bread to |
c. inhibit mold growth |
|
Antioxidants |
d. trap free radicals |
|
Which of the following is an antioxidant used to prevent rancidity |
b. BHT |
|
The number of colors that have been accepted as safe to use in foods is |
b. 7 |
|
Vitamin C, vitamin E, BHA, BHT and propyl gallate are, |
b. antioxidants |
|
Aflatoxins are |
b. carcinogens |
|
About how many people die from food poisoning in the united states each year? |
c. 3,000 |
|
The major problem with the food supply is contamination by.. |
c. microorganisms |
|
The two major requirements for good health and fitness are |
c. good nutrition and exercise |
|
Which of the following has been shown to extend the life span of mice? |
c. undereating |
|
Which of the following is not a source of "good" fats? |
d. lard |
|
What is the max amount of fat that a diet providing 2200 kcal per day should include? |
b. 86g |
|
What is the max amount of saturated fat that a diet providing 2000kcal per day should include? |
b. 22g |
|
Statins are a class of drugs that are designed to |
b. reduce cholesterol buildup |
|
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are nutrient based reference values that are... |
c. useful for planning and assessing diets |
|
About how much protein does a 66kg athlete require per day? |
c. 53g |
|
Which of the following cannot be synthesized by the body and therefore must be included in the diet? |
d. vitamins |
|
Which of the following is a precursor of vitamin A? |
ß-carotene |
|
For which of the following are large doses most likely to be harmful? |
c. Vitamin A |
|
Which of the following vitamins provides the most benefit to bone health and development? |
a. Vitamin D |
|
Vitamin E is a... |
b. fat-soluble antioxidant |
|
The major electrolytes in body fluids are.... |
c. Na+, K+, and Cl- |
|
The best replacement for water lost except in prolonged exercise is... |
c. plain water |
|
What is the minimal percentage of body weight lost in fluids can cause heat exhaustion? |
c. 5% |
|
How many kilocalories of energy are stored in 1 lb of adipose tissue? |
c 3500 kcal |
|
To lose 1lb per week, how many more kilocalories must you burn each day than you take in? |
c. 500 |
|
Which of the following hormones acts as an appetite suppressant? |
d. PYY |
|
Blood glucose levels are lowered by the hormone... |
c. insulin |
|
Which of the following seems to prevent weight loss in humans during times when the body cannot get food? |
c. leptin |
|
About how much glycogen can the adult body store? |
b. 1lb |
|
Crash diets.... |
b. depend on glycogen depletion for quick weight loss |
|
BMI is calculated as... |
d. weight (Kg) / [height (m)]^2 |
|
A person with a BMI of 22 is... |
c. quite fit |
|
The maximum amount of oxygen used in a minute of exercise is the |
d. Vo2 max |
|
Which of the following is a molecule used by the cells to energize the ATP molecule? |
d. glucose |
|
When muscle contraction begins, glycogen is converted to.. |
d pyruvic acid |
|
During aerobic exercise, pyruvic acid is converted to... |
a. CO2 and H2O |
|
During anaerobic exercise, pyruvic acid is convertedd to... |
c. lactic acid |
|
When produced during exercise, which of the following results in oxygen debt? |
c. lactic acid |
|
Slow-twitch muscle fiber is classified as... |
a. type I |
|
The reddish color of slow-twitch muscle fibers is due to the presence of... |
c. myoglobin |
|
Which of the following, as used by athletes, is used to reduce swelling in joints? |
c. cortisone |
|
Caffeine is thought to aid endurance athletes by... |
d. stimulating the release of fatty acids. |
|
Anabolic steroids... |
c. help build larger muscles |
|
Endorphins are... |
a. chemicals produced by the body that are similar to morphine |
|
Exercise is thought to help the brain work better by... |
c. increasing levels of neurotrophins |
|
The chemical in cigarette smoke that makes breathing less efficient is... |
a. CO |
|
What is the addictive substance inhaled by those who use e-cigs? |
d. nicotine. |