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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The most basic unit of a chemical substance is
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atom
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Matter is defined as anything that
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Has weight and occupies space
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Which subatomic particles interact during chemical reactions
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Electrons
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What are three most common subatomic particles
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Electrons, protons, and neutrons
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What happens in an anabolic reaction
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Large molecules are made
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What is meant by organic molecule?
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Contains both Carbon and Hydrogen
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What are the 3 states of matter
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Solid, Liquid, and Gas
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The area in the middle of an atom where some of the subatomic particles hang out
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Nucleus
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Major subatomic particles that orbit around the nucleus and are in constant motion are
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electrons
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_________ and _________ are relatively large sub atomic particles found in the atoms nucleus.
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Protons and Neutrons
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-Protons are _______ charged particles.
-Electrons are ______ charged particles. |
-Positively
-Negatively |
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Electrons orbiting the nucleus must ___________ the protons in the nucleus.
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Equal
*The - charge of the electrons exactly balance the positive charge of the protons making the atom neutral. |
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Atomic Number
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The # of protons in an individual atom of that element. Each element has a specific # of protons and all atoms of that element have the same number.
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Atomic Mass/Weight
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total mass of a single atom of that element
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Isotopes
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Atoms of the same element that have different atomic weights.
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Chemical Bonding
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When 2 or more atoms join together to form a molecule.
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Ions
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All atoms that have gained or lost electrons that carry an electrical charge.
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Ions of _________ charges attract eachother
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opposite
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Covalent Bond
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Two atoms share the electrons in their outer shell to be stable.
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Hydrogen Bond
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A weak bond that can form between the hydrogen atoms in one molecule and some atoms in other molecules.
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Solution
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One substance, the solute, dissolves in another substance, the solvent.
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Compound
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When two or more atoms from different elements bind together.
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Molecular Formula
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Tells you what the molecule is made of.
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Electrolyte
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Any compound that releases ions in water.
*Three types: Acids, Bases, and Salts |
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Main Categories of Organic Compounds
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Carbs, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids
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_________, which includes fats and steroids dont dissolve in water.
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Lipids
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Why are enzymes important for body processes
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Because they allow chemical reactions to occur
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Mechanical Energy
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Energy stored in the bonds of chemical substances.
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Energy
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The capacity to do work; may be stored (potential energy) or in action (kinetic energy).
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Kinetic energy
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The energy of motion or movement, e.g., the constant movement of atoms, or the push given to a swinging door that sets it into motion.
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Potential Energy
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Stored or inactive energy.
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Chemical Energy
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Energy stored in the bonds of chemical substances.
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Electrical Energy
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Energy formed by the movement of charged particles across cell membranes.
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Physical Properties
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Those detected with our senses
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Chemical Properties
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Pertain to the way atoms interact with one another
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_____________ ________ is a type of stored energy.
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Potential
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Which type of energy moves in waves
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Radiant energy
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_________ energy is energy directly involved with the movement of objects.
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Mechanical
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Ninety-two elements occur in nature. Only ____ of these make up 96% of the human body weight. These are:
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Four;
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen. |
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Each known element is designated with a one- or two-letter chemical shorthand known as the
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Atomic Symbol
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A homogenous mixture of gases, liquids, or solids is referred to as a
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Solution
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A ________ is a physical intermixing of two or more compounds.
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Mixture
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The difference between a colloid and a suspension is
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A colloid can undergo sol-gel transformation, whereas a suspension cannot
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The outermost energy shell of an atom is known as its
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Valence Shell
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Ionic Bond
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is a chemical bond formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from the outermost energy level (the valance shell) of one atom to that of the other.
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A _______ bond is formed when a hydrogen bond already covalently linked to one electronegative atom binds with another electron hungry atom to form a bridge.
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Hydrogen
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Anabolism
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the process by which atoms or molecules combine to form larger more complex molecules
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__________ ________ involve the breaking of down large complex molecules into smaller, simpler molecules and atoms.
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Catabolic reactions
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Reactions which release energy are
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exergonic reactions
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________ is considered the universal solven
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Water
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Chaperonins
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enzymes that aid in the desired folding of proteins.
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What kind of lipids are thought to decrease heart disease?
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Omega-3 fatty acids
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Steroids, whose single most important molecule is ____a___, are associated with _____b___increased heart and vascular disease.
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a. cholesterol
b. increased |
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MicroRNA (miRNA) controls
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genetic expression by turning some genes on and others off, thus controlling genetic expression.
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________ reactions involve a release of energy.
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Catabolic
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Buffers tend to prevent dramatic changes in the pH when ________ ______ are added to a solution.
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Proton Donors
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Chemical reactions that release energy are ________.
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exergonic
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________ ______ form between two atoms when one atom donates an electron to the other atom
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Ionic Bonds
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The sequence of amino acids in a protein constitutes the ________ structure of the protein.
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primary
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______ are proton acceptors.
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Bases
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A charged particle is correctly called an ______
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Ion
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A _______ reaction always involves bond formation.
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synthesis
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______ is found in ALL organic compounds.
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Carbon
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_______ bonds are generally found in inorganic compounds.
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Ionic
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Covalent bonds are generally ________ than ionic bonds.
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Stronger
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_______ are the smallest piece of an element.
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Atoms
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Isotopes differ from each other only in the number of ________ contained.
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Neutrons
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_______ are humans' most plentiful source of stored energy.
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Lipids
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_________ usually have very different properties from the atoms that make them.
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Compounds
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The ______ the pH, the higher the hydrogen ion concentration.
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lower
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What is the type of bond that equally shares electrons between its atoms?
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covalent.
*This is the most stable bond because the electron sharing is fifty fifty. |
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The lack of what element determines if a compound is inorganic?
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carbon.
*Generally carbon signifies that a compound is organic. |
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Which class of inorganic compounds determines the pH of a solution
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Acids
*pH is a measure of free hydrogen ions released by acids. |
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What do you call an acid that totally dissociates in solution?
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Strong
*When an acid totally dissociates, it releases more hydrogen ions, making the solution more acidic. |
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What is the process called that decreases either the concentration of free hydrogen ions or the concentration of free hydroxide ions?
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Neutralization
*By binding the free hydrogen and hydroxide ions, the solution moves closer to neutral. |
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What are the chemical systems called that work to regulate acids and bases in the body?
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Buffers
*The bicarbonate system of blood is an example of a chemical buffer that regulates acids and bases. |
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What is another term for water that refers to its high reactivity?
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The universal solvent
*Water's high reactivity effectively dissociates many compounds. |
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What is a positively charged ion called?
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Cation
*A cation is an atom with an overall positive charge. |
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________ bonds give molecules their 3-dimensional shape.
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Hydrogen
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What pH measure is considered neutral?
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7
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What are the ionized components of salts called?
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Electrolytes
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What does the high heat capacity of water help us regulate?
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Body Temp
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Which two organs are important in buffering acid – base fluctuations?
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Kidneys and Lungs
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