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220 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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a systematic approach used in all scientific study
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scientific method
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anything that takes up space and has mass
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matter
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a chemical that protects organisms from UV rays
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ozone
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any substance with a definite composition
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chemical
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a visual, verbal or mathematical explanation on how things occur
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model
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the study of matter and the changes it undergoes
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chemistry
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the act of gathering information
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observation
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a judgment based on the information obtained during an experiment
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conclusion
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the practical use of scientific research
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technology
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a chemical made up of chlorine, fluorine, and carbon
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chlorofluorocarbon
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describe qualitative data
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information that describes the subjects physical features such as color, odor, shape
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describe quantitative data
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the numerical information of a subject, such as height
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describe hypothesis
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educated guess or explanation for an observasion
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describe theory
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an explanation that has been supported many, many times
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describe dependent variable
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the variable that changes in response to the independent variable
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describe independent variable
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the variable you change
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Which of the following is not matter?
a. atoms b.UV radiation c.air d.the Sun |
b. UV radiation
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at the end of an experiment, the scientist forms a conclusion based on the
a. variable b. scientific law c. data obtained d. control |
c. data obtained
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which of the following is a set of controlled observations that tests a hypothesis?
a. mass b. experiment c. weight d. constant |
b. experiment
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the branch of chemistry that focuses on carbon-containing chemical is called?
a. analytical chemistry b. inorganic chemistry c. biochemistry d. organic chemistry |
s. organic chemistry
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how should you prepare an acid solution?
a. add water to the acid all at once b. add the acid to the water all at once c. add the water to the acid very slowly d. add the acid to the water very slowly |
d. add the acid to the water very slowly
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pure research or applied research
a researcher analyzes different compounds that might be sources of cancer drugs |
applied research
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pure research or applied research
researchers study the components of living cells |
pure research
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pure research or applied research
researchers look for vaccine to prevent AIDS infection |
applied research
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pure research or applied research
a researcher works on ways to improve agricultural yields |
applied research
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pure research or applied research
a research observes chimpanzees in their natural habitat to learn about their behavior |
pure research
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pure research or applied research
a researcher analyzes composition of Jupiter's atmosphere |
pure research
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pure research or applied research
a researcher designs more efficient internal combustion engine |
applied research
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a defined unit in a system of measurement that is based on an object or event in the physical world
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base unit
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a unit in a system of measurement that is defined by combining base units
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derived unit
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a visual display of data that may include plotting data on x- and y axes
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graph
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refers to how close a measured value is to an accepted value
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accuracy
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a ratio of equivalent values used to express the same quantity in different units
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conversion factor
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a method of problem solving that focuses on the units used to describe matter often using conversion factors
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dimensional analysis
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the SI base unit for temperature
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kelvin
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the ratio of an error to an accepted value
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percent error
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refers to how close a series of measurements are to one another
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precision
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the SI base unit of time is ________.
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second
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the SI base unit for length is ________.
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meter
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the SI base unit for mass is the ______.
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kilogram
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the SI derived unit for volume is the ___________.
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liter
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________ is a ratio that compares the mass of an object to its volume.
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density
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_________ include all known digits plus one estimated digit.
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significant figures
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True or False
in an answer that has four significant figures, two are estimated and two are known. |
False, one is estimated and three are known
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True or False
The liter is the SI base unit for density. |
False, the SI base unit for volume
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True or False
The prefix deci- indicates a larger number than the prefix centi- |
True
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The number 1 234 000 in scientific notation is equal to 1.234 x 10^5.
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False 1.234 x 10^6
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You calculate that 213 000 m/s is the answer to a problem. What can you conclude about your answer.
a. It has six significant figures b. it has three significant figures c. it's not possible to know how many significant figures are in an answer without knowing its accepted value d. it is not possible to know how many significant figures without knowing its percent error |
b. it has three significant figures
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you caluculate that 215 000g is the answer to a problem. You are asked to write your answer in scientific notation. What can you conclude about your answer?
a. it has six sig figs b. you should round the 1 up to 2 because it is followed by 5. c. the answer is too small to be written in scientific notation. d. it has three sig figs |
2.15 x 10^5
d. it has 3 sig figs |
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you calculate that 319 000 000 m is the answer to a problem. You are asked to write your answer in scientific notation what is it?
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3.19 x 10^8
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you calculate the following answer to a problem : 12.655 cm. You are asked to round your answer to four significant figures. What is it?
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12.66
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a homogeneous mixture
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solution
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states that mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction
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law of conservation of mass
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states that regardless of the amount, a compound is always composed of the same elements in the same proportion by mass
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law of definite proportions
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states that different masses of one element combine with the same relative mass of another element to form different compounds
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law of multiple proportions
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the grid organizing elements into periods and groups
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periodic table
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the ratio of the mass of each element to the total mass of the compound
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percent by mass
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three physical forms that describe all mater that exists on Earth
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states of matter
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a separation technique that results in the formation of pure solid particles from a solution
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crystallization
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a form of matter with a constant volume that takes shape of its container
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liquid
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a form of matter with a definite shape and volume
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solid
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what is a chemical property?
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a characteristic that only can be observed when the composition of a substance is altered
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what is a physical property?
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can be observed without changing the substance
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what is a substance?
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substance is a pure mixture of elements that combine as one
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What is a mixture?
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a mixture is a combination of substances, where the substances keep their physical and chemical properties
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physical or chemical and extensive or intensive
color |
physical
intensive |
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physical or chemical and extensive or intensive
tendency to rust |
chemical extensive
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physical or chemical and extensive or intensive
boiling point |
physical
intensive |
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physical or chemical and extensive or intensive
density |
physical
intensive |
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physical or chemical and extensive or intensive
mass |
physical
extensive |
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physical or chemical and extensive or intensive
ability to burn |
chemical
extensive |
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physical or chemical and extensive or intensive
malleability |
physical
intensive |
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physical or chemical and extensive or intensive
ability to conduct electricity |
physical
intensive |
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ex: alloy
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sterling silver
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ex: element
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gold
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ex:gas
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methane
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ex: vapor
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steam
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ex: compound
a. salt b. air c. nickel |
a.salt
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ex: homogeneous mixture
a. silicon b. air c. nickel |
b. air
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ex: element
a. salt b. brass c. aluminum |
c. aluminum
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physical or chemical
breaking a pencil in half |
physical
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physical or chemical
wood burning |
chemical
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physical or chemical
silver tarnishing |
chemical
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physical or chemical
ice melting |
physical
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physical or chemical
hard-boiling an egg |
physical
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physical or chemical
grinding coffee beans |
physical
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physical or chemical
burning gasoline |
chemical
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homogeneous or heterogeneous
stainless steel |
homogeneous
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homogeneous or heterogeneous
granite |
heterogeneous
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homogeneous or heterogeneous
air |
homogeneous
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homogeneous or heterogeneous
blood |
homogeneous
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homogeneous or heterogeneous
hand lotion |
homogeneous
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homogeneous or heterogeneous
oil and water |
heterogeneous
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homogeneous or heterogeneous
wild bird seed |
heterogeneous
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homogeneous or heterogeneous
chunky peanut butter |
heterogeneous
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homogeneous or heterogeneous
dirt |
heterogeneous
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homogeneous or heterogeneous
vinegar |
homogeneous
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homogeneous or heterogeneous
gasoline |
homogeneous
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Identify the technique you would use to separate each mixture
two substances with different boiling points |
distillation
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Identify the technique you would use to separate each mixture
sand from water |
filtration
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radiation deflected toward the positively charged plate
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beta radiation
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atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
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isotopes
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high-energy radiation that has no charge and no mass
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gamma radiation
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the smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of the element
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atom
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the weighted average mass of an element's isotopes
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atomic mass
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the center most part of an atom where the protons and neutrons are contained
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nucleus
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radiation deflected toward the negatively charged plate
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alpha radiation
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the rays and particles emitted by radioactive material
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radiation
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equal to 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom
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atomic mass unit
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ray of radiation traveling from the cathode to the anode
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cathode ray
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process(not requiring energy) by which unstable nuclei lose energy
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radioactive decay
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states that all matter is composed of atoms
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Dalton's atomic theory
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process whereby some substances spontaneously emit radiation
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radioactivity
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What is mass number?
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mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons in an atom
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what is the atomic number?
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the atomic number is the number of protons in an atom
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What is as nuclear reaction?
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nuclear reaction involves a change in the nucleus of an atom
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What is the nuclear equation
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the nuclear equation shows the ratio of neutrons to protons
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True or False
an atom's nucleus contains its protons and electrons |
False, neutrons
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True or False
Neutrons have no electrical charge |
true
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True or False
Beta particles have a charge of 2+ |
False, alpha
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True or False
an alpha particle consists of two protons and two electrons |
False, neutrons
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cathode ray
A. nucleus B. electrons C. neutrons D. protons |
B. electrons
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discovered in 1932
A. nucleus B. electrons C. neutrons D. protons |
neutrons
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caused large deflection of alpha particles in Rutherford's experiments
A. nucleus B. electrons C. neutrons D. protons |
c. neutrons
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has a charge of 1-
A. nucleus B. electrons C. neutrons D. protons |
b. electron
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has no charge
A. nucleus B. electrons C. neutrons D. protons |
c. neutron
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contains nearly all of the atom's mass
A. nucleus B. electrons C. neutrons D. protons |
a.nucleus
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in an atom, the number of these particles is equal to the number of protons
A. nucleus B. electrons C. neutrons D. protons |
b. electrons
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identified by Thomson
A. nucleus B. electrons C. neutrons D. protons |
B. electrons
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site of the atom's positive charge
A. nucleus B. electrons C. neutrons D. protons |
a. nucleus
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has a positive charge and a relative mass of one
A. nucleus B. electrons C. neutrons D. protons |
D. protons
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the center of an atom
A. nucleus B. electrons C. neutrons D. protons |
a. nucleus
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symbolized by n^0
A. nucleus B. electrons C. neutrons D. protons |
c. neutrons
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How do you express an element in symbolic notation?
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atomic mass
symbol atomic number |
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positively charged particle found in the nucleus
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proton
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stable, orbiting particle of an atom with a negative charge
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electron
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substance that is a mixture of two or more metals
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alloy
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columns of the periodic table;also known as groups
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families
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number of protons carried by the nucleus of an atom
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atomic number
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element with an imbalance in the number of neutrons and protons
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isotope
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uncharged particles found in the nucleus of an atom
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neutron
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physical weight of an atom
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atomic mass
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horizontal rows of elements on the periodic table having consecutive atomic numbers
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periods
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smallest particle containing all the properties of a particular element
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atom
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substance that cannot be separated into different substances except by nuclear disintegration
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element
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five nonmetal chemical elements that are so active they do not occur in an uncombined state in nature
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halogens
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elements containing both properties of metals and nonmetals
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metalloid
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stable isotope of hydrogen and an essential part of the hydrogen bomb
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deuterium
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highly inactive gases that are usually found in isolation in nature
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noble gases
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sodium, lithium and potassium are some examples of these
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alkaline metals
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process whereby zinc is used to coat steel in an effort to prevent corrosion
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galvanization
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elements which start in period 4 and have electron configurations unlike any elements in the first 3 periods
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transition metals
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element that is a liquid in its natural state
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mercury
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hard, heavy metallic chemical element that has a high melting point and is often used as a light filament
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tungsten
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metals that are resistant to corrosion and are excellent conductors of electricity
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coinage metals
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silvery-white metal that all living creatures need in their bodies
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iron
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True or False
in an electrically neutral atom, the number of electrons and neutrons is equal |
False, protons
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True or False
Each vertical column of the periodic table is referred to as a period |
False, group/family
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True or False
A highly active element has the ability to form bonds easily with other atoms |
True
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True or False
Many properties of an element are determined by the configuration of protons in the element's atoms. |
False, electrons
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True or False
Elements that are just one or two electrons short of an octet tend to be very reactive |
True
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True or False
All metals have the ability to conduct heat and electricity |
True
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True or False
Alkaline metals are never found in nature outside of compounds |
True
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True or False
Sodium, lithium and potassium are always found in a metallic state in nature |
False, combined in a compound
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True or False
Tungsten has a low melting point and is very lightweight |
False, High
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True or False
Members of the halogen group often occur in an uncombined state in nature |
False, combined with group 1
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Which element on the table does not belong in a group with any others?
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Hydrogen
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the main element in this group combines with almost all of the other elements and is critical to life on Earth
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Oxygen family
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this group contains the least reactive of all elements
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noble gases
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this group contains some of the hardest metals known to man, including tungsten and chromium.
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transition metals
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highly resistant corrosion, the members of this group include copper, silver and gold
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coinage metals
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phosphorus is a member of this group, whose main element comprises 80% of the Earth's atmosphere
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Nitrogen
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Sodium and potassium are members of this group, the most reactive of all groups on the periodic table
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Alkaline metals
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members of this group, including, chlorine and iodine, do not occur in an uncombined state in nature
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halogens
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Magnesium and calcium are members of this highly reactive group
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Alkaline Earth Metals
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the short periods contain some of the most common elements found in ________.
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Earth's crust, oceans, and atmosphere
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Alkaline metals are ______ found outside of compounds.
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never
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Magnesium and calcium are examples of
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alkaline earth metals
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group 12 elements are:
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highly corrosion resistant
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chromium, one of the hardest metals known, is a:
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transition metal
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the lanthanide series of elements is composed of :
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the rarest earth elements
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What does the atomic number tell us?
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number of protons
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What does the mass number tell us?
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protons + neutrons
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What is an atomic mass unit?
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1/12 of mass of carbon atom
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what is the ratio of the mass of proton to the mass of a neutron?
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1:1
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True or False
Chemical elements with similar chemical properties are referred to as a Period. |
False, group/family
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True or False
atoms are composed of electrons and protons |
False, protons,electrons and neutrons
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True or False
Mendeleev organized the known elements into a table based on atomic mass. |
True
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True or False
Argon is a highly reactive gas |
False
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True or False
the rate of a chemical reaction is not affected by the addition of energy |
False
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True or False
A chemical reaction is always affected by the emission of light, heat and bubbles |
True
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True or False
In the alkali metals group chemical reactivity increases as you go down the group |
False
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True or False
sodium metal is kept in oil for safe storage, but reacts violently with water |
True
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True or False
Chemical formulas are symbolic description of the type of atoms contained in a substance |
True
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True or False
Silicon belongs to the class of elements called metalloids |
True
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the atomic number of an element is also equal to its number of
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protons/electrons
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a proton weighs ____ atomic mass unit
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1
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the majority of the elements on the Periodic Table are:
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metals
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How many periods are there in the Modern Periodic Table
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7 periods
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How many groups are there in the Modern Periodic Table?
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18 groups
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how many elements are in the Periodic Table?
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103
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atomic ____ refers to the arrangement and number of smaller particles of an atom
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structure
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the _______ is the center of the atom
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nucleus
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the atomic number is the number of ________ in an atom
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protons
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________ are atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons
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isotopes
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Elements on the periodic table are represented by chemical _________.
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symbols
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Elements to the far left in the Periodic Table are very ________.
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reactive
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True or False
electrons are larger than protons and neutrons |
False
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True or False
The position of elements on the Periodic Table is dictated by the number of protons |
True
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plastics
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organic chemistry
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reaction mechanisms
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physical chemistry
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metabolism
the study of matter and processes of living things |
biochemistry
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quality control
the study of the components and composition of substances |
Analytical chemistry
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minerals
the study of matter that does not contain organic chemicals |
inorganic chemistry
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the study of carbon- containing chemicals
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organic chemistry
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the study of the behavior and changes of matter and the related energy changes
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physical chemistry
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if two measurements are very close to each other, than they are ________.
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precise
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Zeros that act as _____ are not significant
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placeholders
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the statement, "Mass can neither be created nor destroyed" is the ________
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law of conservation of mass
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How can you tell when a reaction is balanced?
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mass of the reactants = mass of products
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