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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Molarity (M) |
The number of moles of solute per liter of solution: M = n/V; also called molar concentration |
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Standard Solution |
A solution of known concentration that is used in chemical analysis |
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Dilution |
The process of lowering the concentration of a solution by adding more solvent |
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Electrode |
A solid electrical conductor that is used to make contact with a solution or other nonmetallic component of an electrical circuit |
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Electrolyte |
A material that conducts electricity because it contains free ions; ionic solutions and molten salts are examples of electrolytes |
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Strong Electrolyte |
An ionic substance that dissociates completely when it dissolves in water |
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Nonelectrolyte |
A molecular substance that does not dissociate into ions when it dissolves in water |
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Hydronium Ion (H3O+) |
An H+ ion plus a water molecules, H2O; the form in which the hydrogen ion is found in an aqueous solution |
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Weak Electrolyte |
A substance that only partly dissociates into ions when it dissolves in water |
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Weak Acid |
An acid that only partially dissociates in aqueous solution |
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Strong Acid |
An acid that completely dissociates into ions in aqueous solution |
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BrØnsted-Lowry Model |
Defines acids as H+ ion donors and bases as H+ ion acceptors |
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BrØnsted-Lowry Acid |
A proton donor |
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BrØnsted-Lowry Base |
A proton acceptor |
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Strong Base |
A base that completely dissociates into ions in aqueous solution |
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Weak Base |
A base that only partially dissociates in aqueous solutions |
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Amphiprotic |
Describes a substance that can behave as either a proton acceptor or a proton donor |
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Neutralization Reaction |
A reaction that takes place when an acid reacts with a base and produces a solution of a salt in water |
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Salt |
The product of a neutralization reaction; it is made up of the cation of the base in the reaction and the anion of the acid |
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Molecular Equation |
A balanced equation that describes a reaction in solution in which the reactants are written as undissociated molecules |
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Spectator Ion |
An ion that is unchanged by a chemical reaction |
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Net Ionic Equation |
A balanced equation that describes the actual reaction taking place in solution; it is obtained by eliminating the spectator ions from the total ionic equation |
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Precipitate |
A solid product formed from a reaction in solution |
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Saturated Solution |
A solution that contains the maximum concentration of a solute possible at a given temperature |
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Unsaturated Solution |
A solution that contains less than the maximum quantity of solute predicted to be soluble in a given volume of solution at a given temperature |
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Supersaturated Solution |
A solution that contains more than the maximum quantity of solute predicted to be soluble in a given volume of solution at a given temperature |
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Oxidation |
A chemical change in which an element loses electrons; the oxidation number of the element increases |
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Reduction |
A chemical change in which an element gains electrons; the oxidation number of the element decreases |
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Oxidation Number (O.N.) or Oxidation State |
A positive or negative number based on the number of electrons that an atom gains or loses when it forms an ion, or that it shares when it forms a covalent bond with an atom of another element |
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Oxidizing Agent |
A reactant that accepts electrons from another in a redox reaction, thereby oxidizing the other reactant; the oxidizing agent is reduced in the reaction |
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Reducing Agent |
A reactant that donates electrons to another in a redox reaction, thereby reducing the other reactant; the reducing agent is oxidized in the reaction |
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Titration |
An analytical method for determining the concentration of a solute in a sample by reacting the solute with a solution of known concentration |
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Titrant |
The standard solution added to the sample in a titration |
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Analyte |
The substance whose concentration is to be determined in a chemical analysis |
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Equivalence Point |
The point in a titration when just enough titrant has been added to react with all of the analyte in the sample |
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End Point |
The point in a titration when a color change or other signal indicates that enough titrant has been added to react with all of the analyte in the sample |
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Ion Exchange |
A process in which one ion is displaced by another |
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Zeolites |
Natural crystalline minerals or synthetic materials consisting of three-dimensional networks of channels that contain sodium or other 1+ cations |
