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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Temporary Dipole |
The separation of charge produced in an atom or molecule by a momentary uneven distribution of electrons; also called induced dipole |
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London Dispersion Force |
An intermolecular force between nonpolar molecules caused by the presence of temporary dipoles in the molecules |
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Polarizability |
The relative ease with which the electron cloud in a molecule, ion, or atom can be distorted, inducing a temporary dipole |
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Hydrocarbon |
An organic compound whose molecules contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms |
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Alkane |
A hydrocarbon in which each carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms |
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Constitutional Isomer |
One of a set of compounds with the same molecular formula but different connections between the atoms in their molecules; also called structural isomer |
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Viscosity |
The measure of the resistance to flow of a fluid |
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Ion-Dipole Interaction |
An attractive force between an ion and a molecule that has a permanent dipole |
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Sphere of Hydration |
The cluster of water molecules surrounding an ion in an aqueous solution |
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Dipole-dipole Interaction |
An attraction between regions of polar molecules that have partial charges of opposite sign |
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Organic Compounds |
Compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, and sometimes other elements including oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and a halogen |
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Carbonyl Group |
A functional group that consists of a carbon atom with a double bond to an oxygen atom |
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Hydrogen Bond |
The strongest dipole-dipole interaction, which occurs between a hydrogen atom bonded to a N, O, or F atom and another N, O, or F atom |
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Hydroxyl Group |
A functional group that consists of an oxygen atom with a single bond to a hydrogen atom |
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Alcohol |
An organic compound whose molecular structure includes a hydroxyl group bonded to a carbon atom that is not bonded to any other functional group(s) |
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Solvent |
The component of a solution that is present in the largest number of moles |
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Solute |
Any component in a solution other than the solvent. A solution may contain one or more solutes |
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Solubility |
The maximum quantity of a substance that can dissolve in a given volume of solution |
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Miscible |
Liquids that are mutually soluble in any proportion |
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Dipole-induced Dipole Interaction |
An attraction between a polar molecule and the oppositely charged pole it induces in another molecule |
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Ketone |
An organic compound that contains a carbonyl group bonded to two other carbon atoms |
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Hydrophobic |
Describes a "water-fearing" or repulsive interaction between a solute and water that diminishes water solubility |
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Hydrophilic |
Describes a "water-loving" or attractive interaction between a solute and water that promotes water solubility |
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Pressure (P) |
The ratio of a force to the surface area over which the force is applied |
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Standard Atmosphere (atm) |
The average pressure at sea level on Earth |
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Phase Diagram |
A graphical representation of the dependence of the stabilities of the physical states of a substance on temperature and pressure |
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Triple Point |
The temperature and pressure where all three phases of a substance coexist. Freezing and melting, boiling and liquefaction, and sublimation and deposition all proceed at the same rate, so no net change takes place in the system |
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Critical Point |
A specific temperature and pressure at which the liquid and gas phases of a substance have the same density and are indistinguishable from each other |
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Supercritical Fluid |
The state of a substance that is above the temperature and pressure at the critical point, where the liquid and vapor phases are indistinguishable |
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Surface Tension |
The ability of the surface of a liquid to resist and external force |
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Meniscus |
The concave or convex surface of a liquid |
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Capillary Action |
The rise of a liquid in a narrow tube as a result of adhesive forces between the liquid and the tube and cohesive forces within the liquid |
