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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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scientific method
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observations / experiments --> find paterns and trends --> formulate and test hypothesis (go back to beginning if wrong) --> theory
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anything that has ____ takes up space
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mass
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____ are the building blocks of matter
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atoms
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when you cool gas it becomes:
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liquid
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when you compress gas it becomes:
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liquid
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when you cool liquid it becomes:
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crystaline solid
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when you heat crystaline solid it becomes:
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liquid
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when you heat liquid it becomes:
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gas
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when you reduce pressure on liquid it becomes:
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gas
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states of matter are:
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solid, liquid, gas
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Solid, fixed or not fixed volume?
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fixed
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Solid, fixed or not fixed shape?
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fixed
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Liquid, fixed or not fixed shape?
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not fixed
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Liquid, fixed or not fixed volume?
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fixed
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Gas, fixed or not fixed volume?
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not fixed
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Gas, fixed or not fixed shape?
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not fixed
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Most of the universe is made up of:
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hydrogen
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Nitrogen makes up ___% of the atmosphere
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78%
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Oxygen makes up ___% of the atmosphere
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21%
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Oxygen makes up ___% of the earth's crust
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46%
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What makes up 25% of the earth's crust?
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silicon
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Silicon makes up ___% of the earth's crust
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25%
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Most metals end in:
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-ium
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a heterogeneous compound is comparable to _____ because:
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sand on a beach
because the composition, properties, and/or appearance are not consistent throughout |
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what is a "variable composition"?
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element, molecule, or compound
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when looking at a homogenous compound, we ask:
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does it have more than one component?
does it have a variable composition? |
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Question: Does the homogeneous compound have more than one component?
Answer: yes therefore it is a.... |
homogeneous mixture (solution)
same composition, properties, and appearance throughout |
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Question: Does the homogeneous compound have more than one component?
Answer: no therefore it is a.... |
pure substance
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Question: can the pure substance be separated into simpler substances?
Answer: yes therefore it is a.... |
compound
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Question: can the pure substance be separated into simpler substances?
Answer: no therefore it is a.... |
element
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mixtures are made up of:
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elements, molecules, or compounds
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compounds are made up of:
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atoms
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physical properties:
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observed without changing a substance into another substance
(ex: density, mass, volume, boiling point) |
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chemical properties:
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can ONLY be observed when a substance is changed into another substance
(ex: flammability, reactivity with acid) |
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intensive properties:
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doesn't change when amount changes
(ex: boiling and melting points, density, color, temp, pressure) |
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extensive properties:
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changes based on amount of substance
(ex: mass, volume, length, energy, # moles) |
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physical changes:
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changes in matter that do not change the composition of substance
(ex: changes of state, temp, volume) |
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chemical changes:
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changes that result in new substances
(combustion, oxidation, decomposition) |
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in the corse of a _____, the reacting substances are converted to new substances
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chemical reaction
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breaking down a compound into its elemental particles is a _____ change
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chemical
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distillation
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separates homogeneous mixtures, based on differences in boiling point
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filtration
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separates solid substances from liquids and solutions
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chomatography
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separates substances on the basis of differences in solubility in a solvent
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Giga (abbreviation)
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G
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Giga (meaning)
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10^9
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Mega (abbreviation)
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M
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Mega (meaning)
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10^6
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Kilo (abbreviation)
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k
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Kilo (meaning)
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10^3
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Deci (abbreviation)
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d
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Deci (meaning)
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10^-1
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Centi (abbreviation)
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c
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Centi (meaning)
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10^-2
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Milli (abbreviation)
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m
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Milli (meaning)
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10^-3
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Micro (abbriviation)
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μa
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Micro (meaning)
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10^-6
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Nano (abbreviation)
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n
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Nano (meaning)
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10^-9
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Pico (abbreviation)
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p
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Pico (meaning)
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10^-12
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Femto (abbreviation)
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f
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Femto (meaning)
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10^-15
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A liter is a cube ____ long on each side
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1 dm long (1/10 meter)
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a milliliter is a cube ____ long on each side
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1 cm (1/100 meter)
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F (degrees) formula to C (degrees)
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F = 9/5(C)+32
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C (degrees) formula to F (degrees)
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C= 5/9(F-32)
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zeros are important in sig figs only
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after the decimal point
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sig figs for +/-
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round to least significant decimal place
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sig figs for */division
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round to least significant digit in calculuation
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atomic theory of matter, person?
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john dalton
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atomic theory of matter:
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atoms are the fundamental building blocks of matter
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a given element has different _____.
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isotopes
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atoms cannot be ______
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created or destroyed, they are "re-arranged"
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Law of Constant Composition, person?
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Proust
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Law of Constant Composition, also known as:
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Law of Definite Proportions
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Law of Constant Composition:
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the elemental composition of a pure substance never varies
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Law of Conversion of Mass
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total mass before change = total mass after change
(hence why we balance equations) |
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Law of Multiple Proportions
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always in ratios of small numbers
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electron
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negatively charged particle
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charge/mass ratio of electron:
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1.76 x 10^8 Coulombs / gram
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charge/mass ratio of electron, person?
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JJ Thompson
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charge of electron, person?
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Millikan
(oil drop experiment) |
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average charge of electron:
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1.60 x 10^-19 C
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mass of electron:
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9.09 x 10^-28 g
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radioactivity, person?
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henri becquerel
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radioactivity:
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the spontaneous emission of radiation by an atom
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alpha particles, beta particles, and y-rays, person?
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Ernest Rutherford
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"plumb pudding" model of the atom, person?
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JJ Thompson, and disproved by Rutherford
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setup of a nuclear atom:
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small, dense nucleus withh the electrons around the atom -- lots of empty space
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protons, person?
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Rutherford
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neutrons, person?
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James Chadwick
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which particles in the atom have about the same mass?
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protons and neutrons
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