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29 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are the four types of cell signals?
1) neurocrine
2)endocrine
3) paracrine
4) autocrine
What occurs in neurocrine signaling?
neurotransmitters released from neuronal terminals --> synaptic cleft --> other cells
What occurs in endocrine signaling?
endocrine organs --> signals synthesized and transported --> xport through blood --> target organs
What occurs in paracrine signaling?
Signals from endocrine cells travel very short distances to target organ/cell
What occurs in autocrine signaling?
signals are synthesized and released by target cells
Which cells have the largest range of signaling and which cells have the shortest range?
Longest range - neurocine/endocrine
shortest range - autocrine
What is the range for neurocrine signaling?
long range or short range
What is the range for endocrine signaling?
long range
What is the range for paracrine signaling?
short range
What is the range for autocrine signaling?
same cell/no range
What are the two types of ligands?
Lipophilic
Lipophobic
What is the difference between how the two types of ligands enter the cells?
Lipophilic - recognized by intracellular receptors
Lipophobic- do not directly enter cell, first need to be recognized by plasma membrane receptors
What are the four characteristics of ligand binding to receptors?
high affinity
saturable
reversible
specific
What are the three types of plasma membranes?
1)ligand gated receptors
2) g protein coupled receptors
3) enzyme linked receptors
What are the three membrane bound proteins required for G protein coupled receptors?
1) receptor
2) G protein
3) effector
What are the 4 components of the GPCR?
1) 7 membrane spanning domains
2) 6 loops (3 intra/3 extra-cellular)
3) Ligand binding N-terminus
4) C-terminus
What is the function of the N terminus of the GPCR?
1)ligand binding
2) exposed to extracellular space
What is the function of the C terminus of the GPCR?
1) exposed to cytosol
2) glycosylation sites for post-translational modification for proper folding and cell-surface expression
What are the three main families that G proteins are coupled into?
A/1
B/2
C/3
What is significant about the A subfamily?
-largest
-sensory
What is significant about the B subfamily?
-long N terminal
-for peptides
WHat is significant about the C family?
-very long N and C terminal regions
What is the G protein made out of?
-heterotrimer with 3 different subunits, α β, γ
What is the function of the G-protein?
1)become activated once receptor binds the ligand
2) interact with effector to generate second messenger
3) deactivate and associate with receptor again
What is the activation and deactivation cycle of the G protein?
1) deactivated G protein with α, β, γ subunits with α subunit attached to GDP
2)ligand binds receptor
3)GDP on α subunit is exchanged for GTP
4) α-GTP dissociates from βγ
5) subunits go to interact with effector
6) α intrinsic GTPase hydrolyzes GTP --> α-GDP
7) α-GDP associates with β γ subunits
What is typical between all G proteins? What is different?
-Heterotrimer vs Monomer is different
-Same: all switch between active/inactive state
What is the function of the α and βγ subunits of the g proteins?
-α
1) C terminal interacts with receptor and generates specificity
2)seperates G proteins into 4 groups
-βγ
interact with N terminus of α subunit
Does each effector protein interact with a specific G protein?
yes
What are some effector proteins that interact with the GTP-α subunit and βγ subunit?
adenyl cyclase
phospholipase C
cGMP specific phosphodiesterases
potassium channels