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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What enzyme breaks down PROTEIN?
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Protease
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What enzyme breaks down CARBOHYDRATES?
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Amylase
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What enzyme breaks down FATS (lipids)?
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Lipase
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What hormones does the Pancreas need?
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CCK & Secretin
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Name the FAT soluble Vitamin's
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Vitamin D, E, K, A
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Name the WATER soluble Vitamin's
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B Vitamin's and Vitamin C
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How are B & C Vitamins absorbed?
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- diffusion
- passive transport |
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What happens if one does not have Vitamin D?
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calcium cannot be absorbed
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How is water absorbed in the small intestine?
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osmosis
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Where does vitamin D come from?
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- synthesis of sun on skin
- dairy - egg yolk |
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Where does vitamin E come from?
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- wheat-germ
- veggie oil - nuts - seeds - dark green leafy veggies |
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Where does vitamin K come from?
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- green veggies
- tea - synthesized in large intestine |
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Where does vitamin A come from?
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- deep green & orange fruit
- veggies |
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What does the body use vitamin D for?
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- promotes bone growth
- aids in absorption & use of calcium |
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What does the body use vitamin E for?
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- antioxidant
- helps prevent damage to cell membranes |
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What does the body use vitamin K for?
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- important in formation of blood clotting proteins
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What does the body use vitamin A for?
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- component of visual pigments
- antioxidant |
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What are CARBOHYDRATES used for in the body?
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- source of energy
- glycocallyx |
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What are PROTEIN's used for in the body?
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- muscles
- antibodies - haemoglobin |
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What are LIPIDS used for in the body?
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- insulation
- energy - myelin sheath - steroid hormones |
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DEFINE essential nutrient
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a nutrient that our body does NOT produce on its own, so we must get it from a dietary source
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what can happen if one ingests to much Vitamin C?
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diarrhoea
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Where does vitamin B1 come from?
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- lean meats
- liver - legumes - peanuts |
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Where does vitamin B2 come from?
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- milk
- liver - yeast - veggies |
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Where does vitamin B3 come from?
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- nuts
- poultry - fish |
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Where does vitamin B5 come from?
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- most foods
- meats - dairy - whole grains |
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Where does vitamin B6 come from?
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- meats
- fish - poultry - banana's - veggies |
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Where does vitamin B9 come from?
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- liver
- oranges - nuts - legumes - whole grains |
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Where does vitamin B12 come from?
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- meat
- eggs - NOT FOUND IN PLANT FOOD's |
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Where does vitamin C come from?
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- citrus
- strawberries - broccoli - cabbage |
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What does the body use vitamin B1 for?
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- coenzyme
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What does the body use vitamin B2 for?
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- coenzyme
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What does the body use vitamin B3 for?
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- coenzyme
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What does the body use vitamin B5 for?
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- coenzyme
- involved in synthesis of STEROIDS & HAEMOGLOBIN |
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What does the body use vitamin B6 for?
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- coenzyme
- required for glycogenolysis & antibody formation |
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What does the body use vitamin B9 for?
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- coenzyme
- nucleic acid & amino acid metabolism - needed for normal neural tube development in embryo's |
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What does the body use vitamin B12 for?
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- coenzyme
- nucleic acid metabolism - maturation of red blood cell's |
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What does the body use vitamin C for?
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- collagen synthesis
- bone cartilage - gums - antioxidant - aids in detoxification - improves iron absorption |
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Distinguish between ANABOLISM and CATABOLISM
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ANABOLISM
-building CATABOLISM - breaking down |
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What is a NUTRIENT?
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a substance in food used by the body to promote normal growth, maintenance & repair
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What are the 6 categories of Nutrients?
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- carbohydrates
- lipids - proteins - vitamins - minerals - water |
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Name 4 TRACE MINERALS
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- Fe (iron)
- Zn (zinc) - I (iodine) - Cr (chromium) |
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Name 7 MAJOR MINERALS
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- Ca (calcium)
- P (phosphorus) - K (potassium) - S (sulphur) - Na (sodium) - Cl (chlorine) - Mg (magnesium) |
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Where does Fe (IRON) come from (food source)?
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- shellfish
- eggs |
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Where does Zn (ZINC) come from (food source)?
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- meats
- seafood's |
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Where does I (IODINE) come from (food source)?
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- cod liver oil
- iodised salt |
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Where does Cr (CHROMIUM) come from (food source)?
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- brewer's yeast
- wine |
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What does the body use IRON for?
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- component of haemoglobin
- carries oxygen |
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What does the body use ZINC for?
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- prevents sunburn
- promotes healing |
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What does the body use IODINE for?
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- component of thyroid hormones
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What does the body use CHROMIUM for?
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- enhances effectiveness of insulin
- involved in glucose & energy metabolism |
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Where does Ca (CALCIUM) come from (food source)?
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- dairy products
- dark green veggies |
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Where does P (PHOSPHORUS) come from (food source)?
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- meats
- whole grains |
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Where does K (POTASSIUM) come from (food source)?
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- dairy products
- banana's |
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Where does S (SULPHUR) come from (food source)?
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- sulphur containing proteins from meats / milk / eggs
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Where does Na (SODIUM) come from (food source)?
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- table salt
- cured meats |
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Where does Cl (CHLORINE) come from (food source)?
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- table salt
- cured meats (ham) |
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Where does Mg (MAGNESIUM) come from (food source)?
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- whole grains
- green leafy veggies |
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What does the body use CALCIUM for?
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- blood clotting
- nerve & muscle function |
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What does the body use PHOSPHORUS for?
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- bone & tooth formation
- nucleic acid synthesis |
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What does the body use POTASSIUM for?
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- nerve function
- muscle contraction |
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What does the body use SULPHUR for?
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- component of certain amino acids
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What does the body use SODIUM for?
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- osmotic pressure
- nerve function - water balance |
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What does the body use CHLORINE for?
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- acid-base balance
- gastric juice formation |
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What does the body use MAGNESIUM for?
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- component of certain coenzymes in ATP formation
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Name the 3 main pathways involved with GLUCOSE CATABOLISM
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- Glycolysis
- Krebs Cycle - Electron Transport Chain (ETC) |
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Where does GLYCOLYSIS take place?
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- cytoplasm of the cell
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Where does KREBS CYCLE take place?
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- mitochondria
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Where does ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN take place?
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- mitochondria
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DEFINE the term : GLUCONEOGENESIS
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- Glucose new creation
- non carbohydrate source |
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DEFINE the term : GLYCOGENOLYSIS
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- Storage form of glucose (lysis = break down)
- long chain of INDIVIDUAL glucose molecules stuck together |
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What are the BUILDING BLOCKS of Lipids
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- triglycerides (glycerol / fatty acids)
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What are excess lipids stored as?
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adipose tissue
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DEFINE the term : LIPOGENESIS
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lipo = fats :genesis = creation
- triglyceride synthesis (in times of plenty) |
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DEFINE the term : LIPOLYSIS
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lipo = fats : lysis = break down
- triglycerides split into fatty acid & glycerol (in times of carbohydrate shortage) |
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PROTEINS - building blocks?
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20 amino acids
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PROTEINS - uses in the body?
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- muscles
- hemoglobin |
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PROTEINS - where storaged when in EXCESS?
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- oxidised for energy (krebs cycle)
- stored as fat |
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what is the ABSORPTIVE state?
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- during & shortly after eating
- anabolism exceeds catabolism - regardless of type, excess is stored as fat - MAJOR HORMONE = Insulin |
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What is the FUNCTION of Insulin?
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- inhibits any process that increases blood glucose
- enhances oxidative use & storage as glycogen within most cells or conversion to triglyceride in adipocytes - promotes protein synthesis |
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What does the Absorptive and Post-Absorptive state allow the body to do?
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allows the body to REGENERATE when energy levels are HIGH and maintains essential body processes when energy levels are low
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What is the major hormone in Absorptive state?
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INSULIN
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what is the POST-ABSORPTIVE state?
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- approx. 4 hrs after eating
- primary goal is to maintain blood glucose - catabolism exceeds anabolism (break down storages <fat>) - HORMONE, Glucagon & the Sympathetic NS |
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What hormone is found in the Post-Absorptive state?
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GLUCAGON
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What is the role of the LIVER in METABOLISM?
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- most biochemically complex organ in the body
- 500 metabolic functions - major role in REGULATING CHOLESTEROL levels |
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What is Cholesterol?
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- type of lipid
- 15% from the diet, 85% made in liver - it is NOT an energy source - it is a structural basis of bile salts, steroid hormones & vitamin D - has a major component of plasma membranes - transported in blood bound to lipoproteins |
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Which is BAD cholesterol?
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LDL - clogs arteries
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Which is GOOD cholesterol?
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HDL - cleans up excess cholesterol and takes it back to the liver for processing
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What is BASAL METABOLIC RATE = BMR?
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- what happens when u r at rest / asleep
- energy the body needs to perform only its most essential activities |
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Name the FACTORS that affect BMR
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- body surface area
- age - gender - stress - hormones |
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When the body needs energy - where does it go?
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POST-ABSORPTIVE STATE
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Metabolic FUNCTION of LIVER
Carbohydrate metabolism - what is the function? |
- converts galactose & fructose to glucose
- converts glucose to fats for storage - glucoeogenesis |
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Metabolic FUNCTION of LIVER
Fat metabolism - what is the function? |
- stores fat
- synthesises cholesterol - breaks down cholesterol to bile salts |
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Metabolic FUNCTION of LIVER
Protein metabolism - what is the function? |
- breaking down amino acids
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Metabolic FUNCTION of LIVER
Vitamin & mineral storage - what is the function? |
- stores Vitamin A
- stores Iron - stores Vitamin D & B12 |
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When is Cholesterol lost from the body?
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- when it is broken down & secreted in bile salts
- eventually excreted in faeces |
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what is a healthy BMI
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18.5 - 26
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List 5 factors acting to regulate food intake
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- short term regulation of food intake
- neural signs from the digestive tract - nutrient signals related to energy stores - hormones - long term regulation of food intake |
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Describe how the 5 factors acting to regulate food intake may inter-relate
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SHORT TERM REGULATION
- involves neural signals from the GI tract - blood levels of nutrients and GI tract hormones NEURAL SIGNS FROM THE digestive tract - vagus nerve carry on a two-way conversation between the gut and the brain - stretch receptors inhibit appetite NUTRIENT SIGNALS RELATED TO ENERGY STORES -blood levels of glucose / amino acids / fatty acids provide information to the brain that may help adjust energy intake to energy output - nutrient signals that indicate fullness or satiety include, rising blood glucose levels, elevated levels of amino acids, blood concentrations of fatty acids. HORMONES - insulin and CCK released during food absorption act as satiety signals to suppress hunger. LONG TERM REGULATION OF FOOD INTAKE - hormone LEPTIN (thin) is secreted exclusively by adipose cells in response to an increase in body fat mass and it serves as an indicator of the body's total energy stores in fat tissue. |