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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Radioisotopes
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Isotopes with unstable nuclei and undergo radioactive decay
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When the nuclei of Radioisotopes decay...
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Unstable to stable
Emit large amounts of energy Radiation alpha, gamma, beta |
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Alpha Radiation
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positively charged particles in the nuclei
easily stopped by sheet of paper |
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Beta Radiation
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composed of fast-moving beta particles (electrons)
stopped by metal foil |
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Gamma Radiation
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electromagnetic radiation
has no charge or mass lead reduces the intensity of gamma radiation but does not completely shield it |
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Radioactive decay
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the process in which an unstable nucleus releases energy by emitting radiation
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gamma ray
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high-energy photon with no mass or electrical charge
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alpha particles
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helium nuclei emitted from a radioactive source
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beta particles
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electrons resulting from the breaking apart of a neutron in an atom
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Radioactivity
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the spontaneous breakdown of teh nucleus of an atom
accompanied by the emission of particles and/or radiant energy and changes the makeup of the nucleus the nucleus emits rays and particles |
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When the number of protons changes....
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one atom to another
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When the number of neutrons changes....
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one isotope to another (of the same element)
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Transmutation
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the changing of the number of neutrons
one isotope to another the changing of one element into another by the emission of an alpha particle or a beta particle |
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Some naturally occurring isotopes are...
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radioactive
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Isotopes with Atomic #s greater than 83 are....
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unstable
undergo transmutation and are converted to isotopes with atomic #s less than 83 |
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Nuclear emissions
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the products formed during transmutation
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Natural decay
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the spontaneous decaying, or reducing, of an isotope
unstable to stable |
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Induced
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nucleus bombarded with particles- forced to transmutate
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fission
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the splitting of an atomic nucleus into fragments of about the same mass
mass is created to energy, which is released |
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fusion
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reducing of the MASS energy, and only happens naturally in the SUN, and needs a fission reaction to start (hydrogen bomb)
releases more energy than fission two small nuclei combine to form a large nucleus/particle |
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Isotope uses
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C-14= dating formerly LIVING things
Co-60= radiation therapy (chemo therapy) I-131= thyroid disorders detector |
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Moderator
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A substance such as graphite used in a nuclear reactor in order to slow down neutrons and allow their capture by uranium nuclei
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Hydrogen bomb
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a bomb based upon a fusion reaction
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Carbon Dating
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the determination of the age of an object by the use of radioisotopes
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particle accelerator
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machine that speeds up charged particles inside charged metal D-shaped cells and an electromagnetic field
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Mass of an atom...
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Mad up of protons and neutrons
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Atoms become charged by
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losing and gaining electrons
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metals only have ______ oxidation states because ___________
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positive
because metals can only lose 1 electron- don't bond |
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Finding neutrons
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Mass #- atomic #
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Isotopes
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Atoms of the same element (with the same Atomic #) but different numbers of Neutrons (which also changes the mass #)
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The higher the neutrons...
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the higher the radioactivity
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Nuclear Chemistry
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the study of the reactions that take place in the nucleus.
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What makes nuclei "unstable"?
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ratio of 1.5 to 1 (N to P)
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All elements above atomic #83 are
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RADIOACTIVE
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what does it mean to be radioactive?
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have NO stable isotopes
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Transmutation reaction
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when one element turns into another b/c the number of protons changes
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Particle Accelerator
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needed to get the particles to extremely high speeds to overcome the positive- positive repulsion from the nucleus and particle
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Control Rods
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(made of Born and Cadmium) absorb neutrons so that they can’t hit more Uranium atoms and continue the chain reaction
regulate the number of neutrons available |
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Nuclear meltdown
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when the core gets so hot that it melts the control rods and then the reaction can’t be stopped, so core vessel explodes and radiation goes everywhere
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Half life
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a specific amount of time that it takes for a radioisotope to have HALF of the sample decay
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Natural Transmutation
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decay that occurs spontaneously in nature
-alpha decay -beta (+/-) decay |
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Alpha Decay
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an alpha particle is emitted from the nucleus
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Beta (-/+) decay
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a beta particle OR positron is emitted from the nucleus
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Ions
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charged atoms (they become charged by gaining and losing ELECTRONS)
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Radiation
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the penetrating rays and particles emitted by a radioactive source
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Artificial vs. natural transmutation
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artificial- fission and fusion
natural- beta, alpha, positron decay |
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Nucleons in an atom
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protons and neutrons
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Decaying least
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smallest mass
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Pairs of nuclei that undergo a fusion reaction are
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BOTH ISOTOPES
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Isotopes of each other
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same element
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The smaller the amount of a substance
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the older the object
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Isotopes that emit particles
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look at table n and o
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The nucleus compared to the atom
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smaller, and contain's most mass
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An element occurs as a mixture of isotopes. The atomic mass of the element is based upon
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both the masses and the relative abundances of the individual isotopes
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order of mass in increasing order
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electron, neutron/proton, atom
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