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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
photosynthesis
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the process by which light energy is used to synthesize organic products from inorganic reactants
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cellular respiration
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the controlled burning, or combustion, of glucose that occurs in your body
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endergonic
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absorbing energy in the form of work
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exergonic
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releasing energy in the form of work
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adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
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a molecule that transfers energy from endergonic to exergonic reactions and vice versa
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adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
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part of the transfer process
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monomer
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small molecule that joins with other similar molecules to make a polymer; repeating unit of a polymer
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polymer
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large organic molecule consisting of small repeating units called monomers
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carbohydrate
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the most abundant class of biomolecules, formed from aldehydes or ketones that contain numerous hydroxyl groups
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monosaccharide
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simple carbohydrates that cannot be broken down into smaller units
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dissacharide
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when two monosaccharides combine chemically, they form a dissacharide
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polysaccharide
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called complex carbohydrates, formed when many monosaccharides are joined together by dehydration synthesis
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dehydration synthesis
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when two smaller molecules join to form a larger molecule, producing water as a byproduct
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hydrolysis
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the decomposition of sucrose into glucose and fructose, which requires the addition of a water molecule
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glucose
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an important carbohydrate, produced in photosynthesis, has the formula C6H12O6, starts cellular respiration, primary energy source for cellular metabolism
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fructose
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hexose (monosaccharaide with 6 carbon atoms), found in fruit
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galactose
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monosaccharide produced by the hydrolysis of lactose
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sucrose
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chemical name for table sugar, disaccharide formed by combining one glucose molecule with one fructose molecule in dehydration synthesis
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lactose
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a disaccharide present in milk, formed by bonding one glucose molecule with one galactose molecule
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starch
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polysaccharide and complex carbohydrate; the glucose units in starch are jointed to form a straight-chain polymer, and it decomposes in a hydrolysis reaction
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glycogen
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polysaccharide similar to starch, composed of alpha glucose units, but different in that it is a branded polysaccharide that is made by animals, not plants
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cellulose
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polysaccharide made by plants, accounts for 50 percent of all the organic material on earth, made of beta glucose units
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lipid
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molecules composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen that are insoluble in water
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oils
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triglycerides that are liquid at room temperature and contain unsaturated fatty acids
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fats
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triglycerides that are solid at room temperature and contain saturated fatty acids
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triglyceride
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ester of glycerol and three fatty acids; general term for fats and oils
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fatty acid
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acids that are either saturated or unsaturated
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glycerol
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an alcohol that creates triglyceride when combined with an organic acid
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saturated lipid
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lipids are saturated by hydrogenation, where hydrogen atoms are added to unsaturated lipid molecules at the sites of the double bonds - then they have the qualities of fats
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unsaturated lipid
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has the qualities of oils, made with double bonds
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hydrogenation
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process wherein hydrogen atoms are added to unsaturated lipid molecules at the double bonds to saturate em
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phospholipids
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the major structural components of cell membranes that form a double layer that protects the cell's contents from its environment
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steroid
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lipids whose molecules are composed of several fused rings of atoms
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cholesterol
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a steroid, synthesized only in animals, needed to synthesize sex hormones and other steroids
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protein
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polymers made up of hundreds of amino acid monomers
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enzyme
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protein molecule that acts like a catalyst
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hair and muscle
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both composed of structural proteins
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hemoglobin
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molecules that transport vital nutrients
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amino acid
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monomers that are bonded to both an amino group and a carboxyl group
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amino group (-NH2)
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amino acids act like bases at the amino end
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carboxyl group (-COOH)
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amino acids act like acids at the carboxyl end
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peptide bond
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the amide bond between amino acids
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polypeptide
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when several amino acids are joined
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primary structure
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the sequence of amino acids in a protein, describes chemical composition and molecular mass
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secondary structure
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describes how the sequence of amino acids folds back on itself, in the form of a tightly twisted chain (alpha helix) or a pleated sheet (beta chain)
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tertiary structure
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refers to the way in which the entire molecule bends and folds to produce a three-dimensional shape that is specific to that protein, determined by intermolecular forces between amino acids, determines biological function of protein
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denaturation
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the unfolding of a protein so that it is no longer in its "natural" shape
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nucleic acids
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biological molecules that code for hereditary traits by controlling the production of proteins
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nucleotides
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monomers that make up DNA and RNA
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cytosine
adenine guanine |
nucleotides in DNA and RNA
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thymine
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nucleotide unique to DNA
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deoxyribonucleic acid
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DNA, biomolecule responsible for carrying hereditary information between cells, double helix shape
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ribonucleic acid
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RNA, three different types, helps in protein synthesis, composed of a single strand of nucleotides
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balanced equation for photosynthesis
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6 CO2 + 6H2O --> C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2
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balanced equation for cellular respiration
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C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2 --> 6 CO2 + 6H2O
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identify which elements are common components of biological molecules
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carbon, oxygen, hydrogen
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describe the importance of C in organic molecules
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carbon can bond with lots of crap and stuff
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explain the role of ATP as an energy transfer molecule
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ATP stores energy in phosphate bonds, the energy released by biochemical reactions is used to add an extra phosphate group to ADP, turning it into ATP, then ATP turns into ADP and the cycle continues
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describe the function and identify the structure of carbohydrates
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carbon to hydrogen to oxygen ratio is 1:2:1
carbohydrates serve as either support tissue or energy-storing molecules |
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describe the function and identify the structure of lipids
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lipid molecules have carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but much less oxygen than in carbohydrates; they are composed of long hydrocarbon chains and are insoluble in water; they serve as energy reserves by storing more potential energy in their chemical bonds
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distinguish between the following types of carbohydrates by providing an example of each and describing the function of each example: monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
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monosaccharides: glucose, fructose
all carbohydrates are converted into monosaccharides by your digestive system and are then absorbed by the circulatory system dissacharides: sucrose, lactose you eat disaccharides polysaccharides: starch, cellulose polysaccharides can be absorbed and used as fuel by cells |