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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How to tell if a white solid is organic or inorganic?
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Try to burn it, see if soluble
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How many bonds does N need?
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In column 5, which means it has five valence electrons. Needs 3 more to get to that coveted 8... so three bonds
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amide
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"amide" options
O = C with an NH2, NH, or N |
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methylene group
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CH2
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alkyl halide
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C and a halogen
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ether
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COC
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Aside from looking different, what else is diff about isomers?
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Diff physical properties (m.p. b.p. color odor taste) and chem properties (reactivity)
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another name for substituent
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alkyl group
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how to remember alkanes?
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mephibosheth
Meth Eth Prop But |
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alkane names 5-10
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pent
hex hep oct non dec |
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homologous series
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a series of compounds that differ by a CH2 (methylene group)
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general formula for alkanes
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Cn H2n + 2
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alkane b.p.'s increase with..
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increasing MW
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If an alkane has THESE it lowers the b.p.
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if it has branches
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Relationships between alkane m.p. and MW
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m.p. increase with increasing MW
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alkanes have three properties that end in -less
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colorless
odorless tasteless |
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combustion reaction
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alkane + O2 → CO2 + H2O + heat
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hydrocarbon
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C and H only
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halogenation of alkane
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hydrogen replaced by halogen, H-X left over
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gen formula for cycloalkanes
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C2 H2n
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What does sec-butyl mean?
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Carbon branching off main chain is a secondary carbon
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abbreviations to remember
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Me (methyl)
Et (ethyl) Pr (propyl) Bu (butyl) little i Pr (isopropyl) little s Bu (sec-butyl) little t But (tert-butyl) |
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Rule for if cis/trans is possible or not
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Possible if BOTH carbons are attached to two diff groups
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What can get you docked points real quick?
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Forgetting cis/trans
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common name for ethyne
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acetylene
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saturated hydrocarbons
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have max of H's
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Unsaturated hydrocarbons
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Things with double and triple bonds (cuz don't have max of H's)
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Three properties of alkynes are similar to alkanes.
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m.p. and b.p. increase with increasing MW
flammable insoluble in H20 |
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The bromine test
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Want to see if something react with bromine? If no reaction, red-orange will remain. If reaction, product will be colorless.
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Markovnikov's rule
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The rich get richer... hydrogen bonds to C with more hydrogens
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How to do polymerization reaction?
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First, write starting material w/o double bond. One C reaches out to right, other C to teh left
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propene common name
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propylene
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propene polymer
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polypropylene
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ethene common name
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ethylene
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ethylene polymer
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polyethylene
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CF2 = CF2
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tetraflouroethylene
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terminal alkyne
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triple bond on end
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internal alkyne
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triple bond in middle
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how to remember ortho, meta, and para?
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OOMP!
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Aromatic with CH3
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toluene
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aromatic with OH
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phenol
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aromatic with NH2
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aniline
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armoatic with two methyl groups?
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xylene
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aryl group
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aromatic branch
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aromatic branch abbreviation? common name?
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phenyl
Ar |
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Nitration reaction for aromatic
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aromatic + HNO2 → aromatic gets NO2 and water left off
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sulfonation of aromatic
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aromatic + SO3 → aromatic gets HSO3 and leaves off water
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polycyclic hydrocarbon (C10H8)
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napthalene
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three-ringed polycyclic hydrocarbon
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anthracene
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aromatic with N
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pyridine
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common name for methyl alcohol
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wood alcohol
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common name for ethyl alcohol
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grain alcohol
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Ar-O-Ar'
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ether
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common name for ethylene with two OH groups coming off
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ethylene glycol
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Name for propane with three OH branches
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glycerol
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Why would an alcohol be secondary?
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If it's attached to a secondary carbon
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How do small alcohols resemble water?
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they are quite polar
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what do large alcohols resemble
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alkanes. nonpolar, insoluble in water
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why do alcohols have a high b.p.?
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must break H bond before evaporating or boiling
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An ether vs. an alcohol...which should have higher b.p.?
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Alcohol, cuz it's got H bonds to break
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how can you find out if something's a conformer or isomer?
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name it.
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How to number cycloalkanes with a hydroxyl group?
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start at the carbon with the -OH
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Hi. I'm an alkane and have four carbons and two hydroxyl groups. what am I?
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butanediol
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general formula for dienes
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Cn H2n - 2
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general formula for cyclic alcohols
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Cn H2n O
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the prefix used to name 1,3 disubstituted benzenes
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meta
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Give the structures that would not decolorize bromine. (in other words, can't react with bromine)
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they don't got no double bonds.
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clyclopentane + Cl2
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chlorocyclopentane and an H-Cl
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Oh dears. There's more isomers I need to come up with. What now?
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Go into cyclo territory.
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aldehyde
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O=C-H
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[CH2-CH2] n
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polyethylene
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isopropyl alcohol
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three C's and an OH make an iso formation
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a heterocyclic aromatic compound
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An aromatic ring with one element other than a C. So like, a benzene, with an N on it. But that N has a lone pair of electrons and a bond coming off it
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saturated hydrocarbon that, when completely combusted, yields 5 molec's of water.
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Alkane gen formula is Cn H2n + 2. Five molecules of water needs 10 hydrogens. Insert that into formula and you get 4 C. So C4H10.
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Why can't this react with one HBr molec. to give only one brominated organic product?
CH3-CH=CH-CH2-CH3 |
Both carbons on each side of the double bond count according to Mark's rule, so you'd get two products, not one.
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R-CtriplebondC-R + 2 X2
halogenation |
R-CX2-CX2-R
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