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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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epidural |
regional anesthesia that provdies pain relief - usually during labor |
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one of the earliest anesthetics used in medicine |
diethyl ether |
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ether functional group |
oxygen atom bonded by single bonds to two carbon groups - extrememly flammable, sideeffects such as post anesthetic nausea and vomiting |
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alcohols that contain the hydroxyl group are commonly found in |
nature and used in industry and at home |
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these are compounds that contain an oxygen atom connected to two carbon atoms -O- - important solvents |
ethers |
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thiols |
contain -SH group - give odor of garlic and onions |
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in ____ the funcitonal group is known as a hydroxyl group (OH-) replaces a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon |
alcohol |
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in _____, the hydroxyl group (OH-) replaes a hydrogen atom attached to a benzene ring |
phenol |
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this contains a sulfur atom, and makes a thiol similar to an alcohol similar to an alcohol except that (-OH) is replaced by a thiol group (-SH) |
thiol |
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molecules of alcohols, phenols, and thiols have __ shapes around the oxygen or sulfur atom, similar to water |
bent |
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alcohol is named by replacing the e of the alkane name with ol |
ya |
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common name of a simple alcohol uses the name of the |
alkyl group followed by alcohol |
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alcohols with one or two carbon atoms do not require |
a umber for the hydroxyl group
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when an alcohol contains a chain with 3 or more carbon atoms, the chain is numbered |
to give the position of the hydroxyl group and any substituents on the chain |
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an alcohol with two hydroxyl groups is named |
as a diol |
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an alcohol with three hydroxyl groups is named |
as a triol |
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a cyclic alcohol is named as a |
cycloalkanol |
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this is the name when a hydroxyl group is bonded to a benzene ring |
phenol |
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cresol is used for |
methylphenols |
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meta (m-) |
3-
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para (p-) |
middle 4- |
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ortho (o-) |
2- |
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4- methylphenol is also named |
p- methylphenol or p-cresol |
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- the simples alcohol - found in solvents and paint removers - if ingested it is oxideized to formaledehyde which can cause headaches, blindness, and death |
methanol (methyl alcohol) |
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- known as an intoxicating product formed by the fermentation of grains, sugars, and starches |
ethanol (ethyl alcohol) |
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- used as an antifreeze in heatin and cooling systems - used in production of synthetic fivers - oxidized to oxalic acid |
1,2 - ethanediol (ethylene glycol) |
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found in essential oils of plants, that produce the odor or flavor of the plant |
phenols |
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1,2,3 - propanetriol (glycerol or glycerin) |
trihydroxy alcohol - strongly attracted to water - skin softener |
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used to make polycarbonate, a clear plastic that is used to manufacture beverage bottles - estrogen mimic |
bisphenol A (BPA) |
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- also known as mercaptans - family of sulfur- containing organic compounds that have a thiol group (-SH) - odor |
thiols - named by adding thiol to the alkane name of the longest carbon chain and numbering the carbon chain from the end nearer to the -SH group |
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to detect natural gas (methane) leaks, small amount of ____ is added |
tert- butylthiol |
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skunk spray is |
thiols |
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methanethiol is the odor of |
oysters, chedder cheese, garlic |
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these are sulfur containing compounds and often have strong odors |
thiols |
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this consists of an oxygen atom that is attached by single bonds to two carbon groups that are alkyl or aromatic groups |
ether |
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naming ethers |
- names of alkyl or aromatic groups attached to side of the oxygen atom are written in alphabetical order, ending in ether |
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naming of ether + alkoxy group |
ether is named with an alkoxy group made up of the smaller alkyl group and the oxygen atom, followed by alkane name of the longer carbon chain - ex. 1- methoxypropane |
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what is the iupac name of methyl phenyl ether |
methoxybenzene |
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the loss of sensation and consciousness - most are ether group + halogen atoms to reduce he volatility and flammability of the ethers |
anesthesia |
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alcohols are classified by the number of alkyl groups attached tot he carbon atom bonded to the |
hydroxyl group |
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this has one alkyl group attached tothe carbon atom bonded to the hydroxyl group |
a primary alcohol |
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simplest alcohol |
methanol (CH3OH) - primary alcohol |
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this has two alkyl groups attached to the carbon atom bonded to the hydroxyl group |
a secondary group |
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this has three alkyl groups attached to the carbon atom bonded to the hydroxyl group |
a tertiary alcohol |
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in hydroxyl group the charges are |
oxygen is partially negative and hydrogen is partially positive - so hydrogen bonds form |
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alcohols have higher boiling points thatn do ethers of the same mass bc |
alochols require higher temps to provide sufficient energy to break the hydrogen bonds
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hydrogen bonds cannot form between ___ molecules because there are no polar hydroxyl groups |
ether molecules |
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boiling points of ethers are similar to those of alkanes bc |
neither can form hydrogen bonds |
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alcohols with one to three carbon atoms are |
miscible in water ( any amount is completely soluble in water) |
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in alcohols the solubility is dependent on |
number of carbon atoms bc as number of carbon atoms increases the polar hydroxyl groups solubility decreases |
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alcohols with 4 carbon atoms are |
slightly soluble |
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alcohols with 5 or more carbon atoms are |
not soluble |
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ethers and hydrgoen bonds |
can form with water but not as many as alcohol makes with water |
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ethers with up to 4 carbon atoms are |
slightly soluble in water |
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methanol (CH3-OH) |
1 C atom, 65C boiling point, soluble in water |
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ethanol (CH3-CH2-OH) |
2 C atom, 78C boiling point, soluble in water |
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1-propanol (CH3-CH2-CH2-OH) |
3 C atom, 97C boiling point, soluble in water |
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1-butanol (CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-OH) |
4 C atom, 118C boiling point, slightly soluble in water |
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ethyl methyl ether (CH3-O-CH2- CH3) |
3 C atom, 8C boiling point, slightly soluble in water |
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dimethyl ether (CH3-O-CH3) |
2 C atom, 2C boiling point, slightly soluble in water |
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phenol has a high boiling point (182C) bc |
hydroxyl group allows phenol molecules to hydrogen bond with other phenol molecules |
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phenol is slightly soluble in water bc |
hydroxyl group can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules |
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hydroxyl group of phenol in water |
ionizes slightly and makes it a weak acid |
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early name for phenol |
carbolic acid |
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a substance applied to the skin to kill microorganisms that cause infection - carbolic acid |
antiseptic |
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lister |
first to sterilize surgical instruments with phenol |
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higher boiling point between ethane and methanol |
is methanol |
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higher boiling point between 1-butanol and pentane |
1-butanol |
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combustion |
alcohol + oxygen = co2 + water + energy |
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in this reaction alcohols lose a water molecule when they are heated at a high temp (180C) with an acid catalyst such as H2SO4 |
dehydration |
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during the dehydration of an alcohol ____ are removed from and adjacent carbon atoms of the same alcohol to produce a water molecule - double bond forms between the same two carbon atoms to produce an alkene product |
H- and -OH |
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this states that the major product is the one that forms by removing the hydrogen from the carbon atom that has the smaller number of hydrogen atoms - a hydrogen atom is easier to remove from the carbon atom adjacent to the carbon atom attached to the -OH group that has fewer hydrogen atoms |
saytzeffs rule |
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name of the alkene produced by the dehydration of cyclopentanol |
cycolpentene |
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loss of hydrogen atoms or the addition of oxygen - in compound: increase in the number of carbon oxygen bonds |
oxidation |
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decrease in the number of carbon oxygen bonds in a compounds is a |
reduced compound |
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oxidation of a primary alcohol produces an |
aldehyde - contains a double bond between oxygen and the carbon atom at the end of the chain |
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oxidation is indicated by |
O over the arrow to indicate that O is obtained form an oxidizing agent |
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oxidation of an aldehyde forms |
carboxylic acid - have three carbon- oxygen bonds - has C=O bonded to one carbon group and to OH |
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oxidation of secondary alcohols forms products known as - 2 H removed - 1 from hydroxyl and other from carbon bonded to hydroxyl group |
ketones - has carbon oxygen double bond attached to alkyl or aromatic groups on both sides - no further oxidation |
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tertiary alcohols and oxidation |
do not oxidize readily bc there is no hydrogen atom on the carbon bonded to the hydroxyl group - c-c bonds are usually too strong to oxidize, so they resist oxidation |
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toxic alcohol, wood alcohol, windshield washer fluid, paint strippers - rapdly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract - metabolized to formaldehyde and then formic acid - treatment = sodium bicarbonate to neutralize the formic acid in blood |
methanol |
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oxidation of thiols |
- loss of hydrogen atoms from the (-SH) groups - oxidized product called disulfide |
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ehtanol |
produces euphora but is a depressant - if exceeds .4% coma or death may occur |
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carbon-sulfur single bonds are |
thiols - that undergo oxidation to form disulfides |
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carbon-oxygen single bonds are |
- alcohols ~ that undergo dehydration to form alkenes and oxidation to change primary alcohols to aldehydes which oxidizes to carboxylic acids and oxidation to change secondary alcohols to ketones - phenols - ethers |
