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150 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Polypropylene |
Plastic rope; used in marine applications because it floats; some medical suture thread |
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Teflon |
Non-stick cookware; Gore-tex (catheters/stents) |
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Polyacrylonitrile |
Rubber gloves |
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Polystyrene |
Makes styrofoam if air is blown into it when synthesized |
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Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) |
Combined with iodine to create Betadine (sanitizes wounds) |
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Polyvinylidene chloride |
Historically used to make Saran wrap, but substituted with polyethylene as it was not biodegradable |
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Copolymer |
Cross-linking of two different polymers
Ex: Polybutadiene chains crossed with styrene chains to create car tires |
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Graft copolymer |
The process of mixing two or more types of polymer by cross-linking stretches of one polymer onto another type of polymer |
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Acrylonitrile |
Combined with polybutadiene and styreneto create acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene (ABS); used in plastic piping as well as protective head gear, toys, autobody parts; tattoos |
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Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) |
Plexiglass; acrylic paint;dentures; bone cement; used to be in hard contacts, little permeability of O2. |
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Latex rubber |
From Hevea brasiliensis tree (cis) |
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Vulcanization |
Process for cross-linking, adds disulfide and trisulfide bones across chains; eveloped by Charles Goodyear |
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Gutta Percha |
Geometric isomer of latex with trans bond; golf balls and root canal fillings |
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Isoprene |
Synthetic latex rubber when polymerized from petroleum |
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bis-GMA |
Dental sealants and filling materials |
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Aromatic molecules |
Molecules with delocalized electrons (primarily benzene) |
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German name for benzene? |
benzene |
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French and British name for benzene? |
phene |
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Phenol |
benzene ring with an alcohol group |
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Name for benzene ring as side group of a larger molecule? |
phenyl |
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Bond geometry in a benzene ring |
trigonal planar |
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Who proposed the theory of resonance structures? |
Linus Pauling |
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Benzene |
Historically a common solvent in paint stripper; discontinued b/c it reduced RBC levels; also banned from carbonated drinks; associated with leukemia and blood diseases |
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Toluene |
Currently common solvent in paint stripper, glue, spray paints; huffing - can cause heart dysrythmias (asystole) and brain damage |
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Benzaldehyde |
Odor similar to almonds |
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Benzoic acid |
common food preservative |
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Phenol |
antiseptic; used in Chloroseptic and other disinfectants; used to be "carbolic acid"; also used in facial peels |
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Salicylic acid and Resorcinol |
Phenolic compounds used in facial peels |
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Polyphenolics |
Found in most plants (fruits); associated with lower risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer |
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Resveratrol |
Ingredient in red grapes |
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Paraquat |
herbicide that inhibits photosynthesis; used to spray marijuana fields |
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ortho- |
1,2 |
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meta- |
1,3 |
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para- |
1,4 |
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Pentachlorophenol |
commonly used wood preservative until 1987; discontinued due to damage to CNS, reproductive system and liver |
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Orthophenylphenol |
household disinfectants; applied to citrus peel as a fungicide |
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Catechol (pyrocatechol) |
benzene molecule with 2 alcohol functional groups in ortho configuration |
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Urushiol |
active ingredient in poison oak/ivy that causes rash |
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Unsaturated alkyl chain in poison ivy |
most irritating |
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Dihydroxyphenalanine (DOPA) |
Metabolized from tyrosine and then into a series of neurotransmitters |
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Catecholamine |
Neurotransmitters; have both a catechol ring system and an amine group |
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Epinephrine |
neurotransmitter responsible for adrenaline rush |
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Dopamine |
Stimulates voluntary motion, sleep, learning, memory, and mood. |
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What does a lack of dopamine in striatum cause? |
Parkinson's disease |
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What does an excess of dopamine in limbic center cause? |
Euphoria |
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Naphthalene |
Formerly used in mothballs, but too flammable |
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1,4 dichlorobenzene |
Substitute for moth balls; chlorination reduces flammability |
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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) |
2+ Cl atoms; position in benzene rings can vary; used to absorb heat in electrical transformers and lubricants |
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Problem with PCBs? |
Difficult to decompose; dumped into landfills/streams and contaminated soils and waters throughout the world; endocrine disruptors; carcinogenic |
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Dioxin |
mixture of compounds with varying amounts of Cl |
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TCDD |
Most toxic dioxin (tetrachlorinated structure); contaminant in Agent Orange |
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Agent Orange |
Used to spray forests in Vietnam to expose guerilla fighters; caused skin rashes, neurological and psychological disorders, Hodgkin's disease |
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Chloracne |
Rare form of acne caused by dioxin; Viktor Yushchenko |
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Graphite |
Large multilayered sheets of benzene rings; "lead" pencils; dry lubricant in machinery; "high end" golf clubs, fishing rods, bicycle frames |
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Graphene |
Single layers of graphite; integrated circuits |
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Heterocyclic aromatic molecules |
Aromatic rings in which one or more atoms are NOT C atoms (most commonly N and O) |
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Zolpidem |
Ambien; sleeping pill |
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Dihydropyridine |
NOT aromatic; hypertension and angina |
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Calcium channel blockers (dihydropyridines) |
Block trans-membrane Ca channels in muscle cells --> relaxation of arteries |
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How do Ca channel blockers work? |
Increase volume (lumen) of inside of blood vessel, lower BP and reduce angina |
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Amlodipine (Norvasc) |
Most prescribed drugs in the US for hypertension |
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Atrazine |
Most commonly used herbicide in the US (corn); ED; threat to amphibians |
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Ethylene oxide |
Sterilizer for plastic medical equipment (epoxide ring); toxic, explosive, carcinogenic |
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Acrylamide |
Produced when starch and protein heated in Maillard reaction |
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Benzopyrene |
carcinogen in smoked/charred materials (primarily tobacco smoke) |
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Cytochrome P-450 |
enzymes in liver which adds polar groups to molecules to increase water solubility |
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Intercalation |
slipping in between purine and pyramidine bases in DNA |
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Safrole |
compound found in sassafras (root beer); but no longer legal, toxic |
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Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) |
Water pipes |
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High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) |
milk cartons, short branches |
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Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) |
6-pack rings; plastic bags; long branches |
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PEX |
hip replacements, water pipes |
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DEHP |
di-2, ethylhexyl; plasticizers; endocrine disruptors for pregnant women/babies; microwavable food containers (carinogen); IV bags; drink clouding agents |
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"Platisphere" |
plastic accumulation in ocean |
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Beta-carotene |
orange pigment in carrots; precursor of vitamin A |
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Bilirubin group |
heme (hemoglobin) |
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Cis-retinal |
form of vitamin A |
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Where does cis-retinal bond to? |
binds to the protein opsin |
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Rhodopsin |
retinal-opsin complex in rod cells; sensitive to light photons; absorb mostly green |
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Cone cells |
less sensitive than rod cells; worse in dim light; bind with retinal to form photopsin |
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Cinnamaldehyde |
cinnamon odor/flavor (trans) |
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Camphor |
oil obtained from Asian trees; made from turpentine (pine trees); Vick's Vaporub |
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R-carvone |
caraway seed flavor (rye bread) |
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S-carvone |
spearmint |
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Vanillin |
vanilla flavor; made from petroleum |
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2,3 butanedione |
"diacetyl"; natural product formed in yeast fermentation; taste of butter/chardonnay |
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1,5 pentanedial |
"glutaraldehyde"; "fix" microscope slides; disinfectant |
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Malondialdehyde |
product of photo damage of retina; reacts with lipids |
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Benzaldehyde |
artificial almond flavor |
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Color blindness |
Lack of photopsin (most commonly red) |
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Melanopsin |
Alternate form of retinal-bound opsin; found in inner retina; controls pupil diameter; 24 hour circadian rythyms |
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Bacteriorhodopsin |
used by bacteria to generate voltage potential across membrane --> makes ATP |
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Photoisomerization |
Conversion of one isomer into another isomer by light |
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Cis-retinoic acid |
"Accutane"; pill form acne treatment; teratogenic; increased photosensitivity; DO NOT TAKE DURING PREGNANCY |
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Trans-retinoic acid |
"Retin-A"; cream/gel acne treatment; causes redness, scaling, sensitivity to light |
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Teratogenic |
causes birth defects |
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Retin-A |
trans-retinoic acid |
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Accutane |
cis-retinoic acid |
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Lycopene |
red pigment in tomatoes; reduce risk of heart disease and cancer |
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Bilirubin |
metabolic product of hemoglobin |
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Why is bilirubin not soluble in water? |
polar groups are internal; carboxylic acids and amides form internal hydrogen bonds |
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How to make bilirubin more soluble? |
add on 2 molecules of glucuronic acid |
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Name for modified bilirubin |
conjugated bilirubin (bilirubin glucuronide) |
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Glucuronic acid |
helps bilirubin become more soluble by adding 2 molecules |
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Bili light (blue light) |
increases water solubility of bilirubin in premature babies |
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Jaundice |
high concentrations of bilirubin in fatty tissues and membranes in the body |
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Glucuronyl transferase |
liver enzyme that attaches to glucuronic acid to form conjugated bilirubin |
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Stercobilin |
"Poop"; metabolized in large intestine from conjugated bilirubin |
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3 common causes of jaundice |
Hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver, immature liver function in babies (neonatal jaundice) |
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Trans-fats (unsaturated) increase risk of... |
atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease |
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Ethyl chloride |
refrigerant; aerosol spray propellant; anesthetic; blowing agent for foam packaging |
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Markovnikov's rule |
in HCl reaction, H bonds to carbon with the most H atoms |
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DDT |
widely used insecticide; endocrine disruptor in birds (thinning of egg shells) |
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2-propanol |
"isopropyl" or "rubbing" alcohol |
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Diethyl ether |
formerly used as an inhalation anesthetic; dissolves trimyristin from nutmeg |
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Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) |
used in gasoline for a long time |
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Methanal |
formaldehyde; preservative for biological specimens; perhaps carcinogenic; used to inactivate viruses for use in vaccines; glues in wood product industry |
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Ethanal |
acetaldehyde |
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Propanone |
acetone; nail polish remover; product formed by diabetics not controlling blood sugar |
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1,3 - dihydroxypropanone |
dihydroxyacetone (DHA) |
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Ketosis |
diabetics don't control blood sugar, breath smells like nail polish remover or "fruity" |
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Ketoacidosis |
Ketosis combined with blood acidosis |
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Dihydroxyacetone |
active ingredient in some sunless sun tanning lotions; reacts with amino acids in skin to produce brown melaninoids |
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Formalin (methylene glycol) |
formaldehyde reacted with water; used to preserve cadavers, and "brazilian blowouts" |
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Chloral hydrate |
sedative used in hospitals for many years (Anne Nichole Smith) |
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Hemiacetals |
aldehydes reacted with alcohols |
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Which vaccinations include formaldehyde? |
flu, DPT, hepatitis A/B, polio |
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Maillard reaction |
reactions b/w ketone and amine groups; smell of baked products; brown color of roasted coffee, bread crust |
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Glycated proteins |
proteins formed by imines through Maillard reaction (diabetes) |
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Systematic: methanoic acid
Common: formic acid |
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Systematic: ethanoic acid
Common: acetic acid |
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Systematic: propanoic acid
Common: propionic acid |
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Systematic: butanoic acid
Common: butyric acid |
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Methanoic acid (formic acid) |
ant stings, brushing nettles; neutralized by sodium bicarbonate |
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Ethanoic acid |
"acetic acid"; primary acid in vinegar |
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Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) |
chemically burns warts; facial peels |
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Phytic acid |
bleaching agent |
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Propanoic acid |
acid produced by propionibacterium; causes acne; swiss cheese |
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Butanoic acid |
first isolated from rancid butter; found in vomit, parmesan cheese; produced by colonic bacteria; possible increased risk of colon cancer? |
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Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) |
neurotransmitter; lowers CNS activity; available to treat depression, PTSD, anxiety (Valium); does not cross blood-brain barrier |
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Gamma hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) |
street drug ("Juice", "Liquid Ecstasy"); cause amnesia, unconsciousness; "date rape drug" |
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PFOA |
grease-resistant carpeting, food packaging, Teflon |
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Benzoic acid |
mold inhibitor |
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Glycolic acid |
skin care products; removes wrinkles |
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Oxalic acid |
found in rhubarb (leaves); can react to form calcium oxalate (kidney stones) |
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Citric acid |
found in berries, fruits (lemons/oranges) |
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Undecylenic acid |
treats epidermal fungal infections (athlete's foot) |
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Esterification |
Carboxylic acids react with alcohol |
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Lactones |
ester groups within rings |
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Spironolactone (Aldactone) |
potassium sparing diuretic; treats congestive heart failure; reduces excessive hair growth |
