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19 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
CARBOHYDRATES
Polyhydroxy Aldehydes or Ketons
Functional group(s): -OH -C=O -C=OH

Functions of Carbohydrates
CARBOHYDRATES
Polyhydroxy Aldehydes or Ketons
Functional group(s): -OH -C=O -C=OH
Functions of Carbohydrates
1. Energy source
2. Energy storage
3. Stuctural element
4. Building block of complex structures
glycoproteins
glycolipids
nucleic acids etc.
Carbohydrate Classes
? Monosaccharides (CH2O)n
? Simple sugars can not be broken down further.
? Oligosaccharides
? Few simple sugars (2 - 10) joined together.
? Polysaccharides
? Polymers of monosaccharides.
enantiomers
거울상 이성질체 (+) D - glyceraldehyde (-) L - glyceraldehyde
chiral centers
입체이성질체의 센터탄소부분
diastereoisomers
두개이상의 chiral centers를 갖는 경우 거울상이성체는 아니지만 입체이성체인경우
STEREOISOMERS OF MONOSACCHARIDES
? In general a molecule with n 'chiral centers' has 2n stereoisomers.
? Stereoisomers that are mirror images of one another are called 'enantiomer'.
? Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of one another are called 'diastereoisomers'.
epimers
두개이상의 chiral centers를 갖는 경우 chiral centers 하나만 입체구조가 다를경우
Diastereomers that are different from eachother only in the configuration of a single

optically active carbon.
aldohexoses epimers
D-glucose D-galactose D-mannose
The Ring Structure of Sugars
α-D-ribofuranose β -D-ribofuranose
Typical Rings of Carbohydrates
pyranose ring : (6 atoms - 6각형)
furanose ring : (5 atoms - 5각형)
α or β according to the position of glycosidic-OH
anomers
알도오스 케토오스 등의 단당이 헤미아세탈형의 고리모양 구조를 취하면 카르보닐형의 탄소 원

자가 새롭게 부제 탄소 원자가 된다. 그것으로 인해 생기는 epimer가 1쌍의 입체 이성질체를

anomers라 한다. [RING TYPE EPIMER α-와 β-로 난누다]
예를 들면 D-글루코오스의 경우 알데히드형에서 고리상 아세탈형으로 변하면 C-1이 새롭게 부제

탄소 원자가 되고 C-2~C-5의 입체 배치는 동일하므로 C-1만이 입체 배치를 달리하는 1쌍의 아노

머가 생성된다. 이둘은 -OH가 아래있으면 α- 및 위에 있으면 β-라 하고 α-D-GLUCOSE 및 β-

D-GLUCOSE의 명칭으로 부른다. -OH기가 오른쪽에 있는 것을 D-형 왼쪽에 있는 것을 L-형이라 한

다. D-형은 대부분 (+)이고 L-형은 대부분 (-)이나 항상 그렇지는 않다.
?The formation of hemiketals and hemiacetals results in an asymmetric carbon atom.
?Isomers that differ only in t
Typical Rings of Carbohydrates
D-glucose : pyranose ring(6 atoms)
D-fructose : furanose ring(5 atoms)
α or β according to the position of glycosidic-OH
ENVELOPE CONFORMATIONS OF THE FURANOSE RING
(β-D-Ribose α-D-Ribose)
β-D-RIBOFURANOSE 두가지 [C3 endo] [C2 endo]
PYRANOSE CONFORMATIONS
[CHAIR- MORE STABLE] [ BOAT]
CHAIR CONFORMATIONS OF GLUCOSE ANOMERS
[α-D-glucopyranose] [β-D-glucopyranose -MORE STABLE]
Interconversion of Glucose Anomers Mutaroration
β-D-glucose(64%) α-D-glucose(36%)
Fehling’s Test
2Cu+2 -> 2Cu+ reducing sugar!