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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
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an institution established in 1906 in the USA; many other countries rely on the data and decisions provided by it
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heroin
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was used in cough syrups
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Little Early Risers Cathartic Pills
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created by DeWitt; these pills were used to relieve constipation, but they may have been toxic
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Greatfind
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medicine created by Hoffman that contained peppermint, boneset, white oak bark, and alcohol
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boneset
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a plant extract once thought to make bones stronger
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Linseed and Turpentine
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created by Dr. Chase; contains flaxseed, spruce gum, glycerin, chloroform, 1-11 grains of codeine, and 3% alcohol; probably caused some sort of high
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Mrs. Winslow's soothing Syrup
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a syrup aimed at relieving teething children; it probably contained small amounts of cocaine or heroine and alcohol
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Collier's
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a national weekly magazine at the time; it started a campaign to stir up government involvement after noticing that many people would become sick after consuming some of these products
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laudanum
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another word for opium
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Lydia Pinkham's Vegetable Compound
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claimed to cure a variety of conditions, such as bloating, headaches, nervous prostration, general debility, sleeplessness, depression, and indigestion; persists to this day
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Salversan 606
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one of the first proper drugs; it was given to people with syphilis; however few people were warned about the side effects (it contained minute amounts of arsenic)
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aspirin
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a drug that came alone in the 1800s; it is the best known pain reliever
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Bayer
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the company that discovered aspirin; they had a truck that had "overcome all pain" written in Dutch on it; would advertise aspirin alongside heroin as a cough sedative; their address was 40 Stone Street
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Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act
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came into effect in 1938; demanded proof of safety, regulated cosmetics, and food standards
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thalidomide
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a drug used in Canada and Europe for nausea in the first trimester of pregnancy; turned out to be a potent teratogen; caused children to be born with short limbs; also used to treat multiple myeloma, multiple sclerosis, ulcerative bowel disease, aphthous ulcer, Kaposi's sarcoma, kidney brain and breast cancers, and leprosy
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Thomas Quasthoff
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a German thalidomide victim who is 1 meter tall and has found success as a bass baratone
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Tony Melendez
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a Thalidomide victim who plays guitar with his feet because he has really short arms
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Dr. Frances Kelsey
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a McGill graduate; discovered thalidomide was a problem; she word for the FDA at the time and didn't think it had gone through enough testing; JFK awarded her for her discoveries in 1963; she will turn 100 next July;
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new drug
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can take 10-15 years to implement and cost 300 million dollars
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1951
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year when drugs were divided into prescription and OTC drugs; previously only narcotics and cocaine required prescription
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Steps involved in bringing a new drug to market
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identify targets; find leads; develop leads; pick and develop a candidate; make drug; formulate; toxicology; clinical trials; regulatory approval
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Kaplan Meier plot
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compares medication to placebo; shows that more people are hospitalized when taking the placebo than when taking Bidil
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Cantharidine
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an extract from Spanish flies; it was thought to be an aphrodisiac; now known to be an irritant
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periwinkle
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a flower that yields vincristine, a widely used chemotherapeutic agent
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Shaman
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witch doctor; a particular member of some cultures that has an understanding of local herbs and remedies that can be used for diseases; pharmaceutical companies sometimes refer to these people to find leads
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Fragment Based Lead Discovery Technique (FBLD)
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a technique used to build molecules for particular targets with smaller fragments based on the knowledge of what those smaller fragments do
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Lipitor and Plavix
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the largest drug sales in the US in 2011
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top-selling drugs in the world (2011)
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Lipitor (Pfizer) - 7.7 billion
Plavis (Bristol-Myers Squibb) 6.8 billion Nexium (Astra Zeneca) 6.2 billion Abilify (BMS) 7 billion Advair (GlaxoSmithKline) 5 billion Seroquel (Astra Zeneca) 5 billion |
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Pfizer
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the worlds biggest pharmaceutical company
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pharmaceutical company sales
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Pfizer: 25 billion
AstraZeneca: 20 billion Merck: 19 billion Novartis: 19 billion |
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orphan drug
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a drug developed for an extremely rare condition; doesn't have much of a market
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50%
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percentage of world drug consumption by North America
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25%
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percentage of world drug consumption by the European Union
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doubling time/half life
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70/(%)=years it takes to double or half
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Tylenol with Codeine
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drug with the highest amount of prescriptions in Canada in 1996; now it is fifth
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Lipitor
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drug with the highest amount of prescriptions in both Canada and USA currently
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Minoxidil
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a drug originally researched for high blood pressure that is now used for increasing hair growth
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excipients
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materials in a pill that are not the medicine; there are 40 different categories, such as fillers, binders, anti-foaming agents, emulsifiers, antioxidants, pigments, dessicants, granulating agents, flavorings (important for dogs); global market for them is 4billion/year
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Vioxx (Merck)
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a drug withdrawn four years ago due to bad side effects; people on the drug had a higher risk of heart attacks, but it was very effective against arthritis pain; FDA voted to keep the drug, but Merck voluntarily withdrew it
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Qatar
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country with the highest incidence of obesity
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22%
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percentage of the population that smokes
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pain relievers market
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amounts to 30 billion dollars a year, or 50 billion tablets
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16th century remedy for headaches
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put your head in an oven; they thought it got the evil spirits out of your head
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58 billion
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number of aspirin tablets consumed worldwide each year
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salicylates
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extracted from trees of the Salix family, such as the Willow tree
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methyl salicylate
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an active ingredient in Bengay; it is also called oil of wintergreen
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willow bark
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used by the Sumerians to alleviate joint pain, by the Egyptians to lessen wound inflammation, and by Hippocrates to alleviate the pain of childbirth
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Reverend Edward Stone
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rediscovered the potential of the Willow tree in 1763; his use of it was brought about by him applying the Doctrine of Signature
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Henri Leroux
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extracted Salicin from Willow bark (1829), which is the active ingredient; it was used to treat pain and fever; it is an impure substance
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Rafaelle Piria
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purified Salicin into Salicylic acid in 1838
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salicylic acid
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a compound that is an analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory; it also is bitter tasting and causes severe stomach irritation
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Compound W
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a drug for fighting warts that has salicylic acid as an active ingredient; it is powerful enough to kill layers of skin
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Felix Hoffman
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a chemist at the Bayer company; his father had arthritis, but salicylic acid was too bad for his stomach; he created a compound that was easier on the stomach, ASA
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A-Spirin
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A: acetyl
Spirin: another name for Salix tree family |
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Carl Duisberg
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the person that promoted the use of ASA; he was the director of Hoffman's lab, and was a marketing genius; ASA became the first mass-marketed drug
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heroin
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produced when morphine is treated with acetic acid; it is more addictive than morphine
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American Bayer
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lost the patent for ASA, and the name Aspirin; they then lost the right to the name Bayer; it was recuperated when the German Bayer company bought the American one; it sells Aspirin for 3x the price of generic ASA
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study performed on pain
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found that blondes feel more pain; introverts also feel more pain than extroverts, but complain less
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Ulf Von Euler (1934)
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discovered prostaglandins and won the Nobel Prize in Medicine (1970)
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John Vane
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elucidated the mode of action of prostaglandins in 1971; damaged cells produce arachidonic acid, which is a precursor to prostaglandins, which signal to the nerves that you feel pain; won the NObel Prize in Medicine in 1981
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mechanism of action of ASA
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blocks the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins; the enzyme in question is COX (cyclooxygenase); thus ASA is a Cox inhibitor
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Physician's Health Study (1989)
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studied over 22 thousand male physicians aged 40 to 84 over 5 years; men in this study were either taking a 325mg aspirin tablet every other day, or a placebo every other day; ASA decreased the rates of fatal and nonfatal heart attacks
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Thromboxane A2
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a prostaglandin that aids in blood clotting; it is blocked by ASA, which helps reduce heart attacks; however, this also thins blood
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Uses of ASA
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heart disease: 38% (30mg is sufficient for this)
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risks of ASA
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stomach bleeding and hemorrhagic stroke
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colon cancer deaths
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reduced in chronic ASA users because they are more likely to have colon bleeding and catch the cancer early; also colon cancer is associated with high COX enzyme levels
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Salicylism
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can be caused by ingesting 12-25 tablets of ASA
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Tinnitus
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can be caused by salicylism; it is a disease caused by a debilitating ringing in the ears; can push people to suicide
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children's aspirin
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comes in a lower dose (80mg) and in small bottle sizes to prevent overdose if a child gets its hands on it
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main side effects of ASA
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gastric irritation, gastrointestinal bleeding, ulcers
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allergic reactions to ASA
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rare, but can be very severe; a man in Toronto who was taking penicillin and ASA together had a severe reaction that blinded him
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Reye Syndrome
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a rare side effect of ASA named after Dr. Reye; it is the reason ASA is not recommended for teenagers and children; it causes inflammation of the brain when used to treat flu or chicken pox; this is often fatal, and causes about 300 deaths a year
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aspirin can delay delivery
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occurs because prostaglandins promote uterine contractions
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Anacin
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a drug that contains 325mg ASA and 32mg caffeine (~1/4 cup of coffee); the caffeine may help by vasoconstriction (headache is caused by blood vessel dilation) or it may cause faster absorption of the ASA
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Midol
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a drug that contains 500mg ASA, and 32mg caffeine
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Chaser
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a hangover cure that contains ASA and an antacid
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acetaminophen
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the most widely used pain reliever in North America; called paracetamol in some countries
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acetaminophen benefits
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pain relief, lowers fever, no association with Reye Syndrome
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acetaminophen downsides
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it is useless against inflammation; ineffective for heart disease prevention; affects the liver, so it should not be taken with alcohol; very toxic to cats; #1 OTC product for poisoning
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Tempra
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acetaminophen for children
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ASA free Anacin
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same as regular Anacin except with acetaminophen instead of ASA; it is easier on the stomach
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Excedrin
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a drug that used to contain ASA, but now contains acetaminophen; it contains 65mg of coffee (1/2 a cup); if you take the daily recommended amount it is like having six cups of coffee
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1982 Tylenol recall
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caused when a man replaced the Tylenol in a store bottle with cyanide; 7 people died; Tylenol recalled all the bottles and implemented safety seals
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ibuprofen
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another form of pain reliever; it is the active ingredient of Advil and Motrin
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ibuprofen benefits
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pain relief (better at relieving menstrual pain); lowers fever, lowers inflammation, no association with Reye Syndrome
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ibuprofen drawbacks
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does not help with heart disease
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Naproxen sodium
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a pain reliever that gives much longer pain relief than others; the brand name for the medication is Aleve
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market share of pain relievers in Canada
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Acetaminophen 43%
ASA 28% ibuprofen 26% naproxen sodium 3% |
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NSAID
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non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; this includes all the pain relievers except acetaminophen
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Celebrex
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a prescription drug that inhibits COX-2 specifically; Vioxx does this as well
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Merck Frosst
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was ordered to pay a woman 250 million due to the supposed Vioxx induced death of her husband (this was rejected on appeal)
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