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91 Cards in this Set

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  • Back
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
an institution established in 1906 in the USA; many other countries rely on the data and decisions provided by it
heroin
was used in cough syrups
Little Early Risers Cathartic Pills
created by DeWitt; these pills were used to relieve constipation, but they may have been toxic
Greatfind
medicine created by Hoffman that contained peppermint, boneset, white oak bark, and alcohol
boneset
a plant extract once thought to make bones stronger
Linseed and Turpentine
created by Dr. Chase; contains flaxseed, spruce gum, glycerin, chloroform, 1-11 grains of codeine, and 3% alcohol; probably caused some sort of high
Mrs. Winslow's soothing Syrup
a syrup aimed at relieving teething children; it probably contained small amounts of cocaine or heroine and alcohol
Collier's
a national weekly magazine at the time; it started a campaign to stir up government involvement after noticing that many people would become sick after consuming some of these products
laudanum
another word for opium
Lydia Pinkham's Vegetable Compound
claimed to cure a variety of conditions, such as bloating, headaches, nervous prostration, general debility, sleeplessness, depression, and indigestion; persists to this day
Salversan 606
one of the first proper drugs; it was given to people with syphilis; however few people were warned about the side effects (it contained minute amounts of arsenic)
aspirin
a drug that came alone in the 1800s; it is the best known pain reliever
Bayer
the company that discovered aspirin; they had a truck that had "overcome all pain" written in Dutch on it; would advertise aspirin alongside heroin as a cough sedative; their address was 40 Stone Street
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act
came into effect in 1938; demanded proof of safety, regulated cosmetics, and food standards
thalidomide
a drug used in Canada and Europe for nausea in the first trimester of pregnancy; turned out to be a potent teratogen; caused children to be born with short limbs; also used to treat multiple myeloma, multiple sclerosis, ulcerative bowel disease, aphthous ulcer, Kaposi's sarcoma, kidney brain and breast cancers, and leprosy
Thomas Quasthoff
a German thalidomide victim who is 1 meter tall and has found success as a bass baratone
Tony Melendez
a Thalidomide victim who plays guitar with his feet because he has really short arms
Dr. Frances Kelsey
a McGill graduate; discovered thalidomide was a problem; she word for the FDA at the time and didn't think it had gone through enough testing; JFK awarded her for her discoveries in 1963; she will turn 100 next July;
new drug
can take 10-15 years to implement and cost 300 million dollars
1951
year when drugs were divided into prescription and OTC drugs; previously only narcotics and cocaine required prescription
Steps involved in bringing a new drug to market
identify targets; find leads; develop leads; pick and develop a candidate; make drug; formulate; toxicology; clinical trials; regulatory approval
Kaplan Meier plot
compares medication to placebo; shows that more people are hospitalized when taking the placebo than when taking Bidil
Cantharidine
an extract from Spanish flies; it was thought to be an aphrodisiac; now known to be an irritant
periwinkle
a flower that yields vincristine, a widely used chemotherapeutic agent
Shaman
witch doctor; a particular member of some cultures that has an understanding of local herbs and remedies that can be used for diseases; pharmaceutical companies sometimes refer to these people to find leads
Fragment Based Lead Discovery Technique (FBLD)
a technique used to build molecules for particular targets with smaller fragments based on the knowledge of what those smaller fragments do
Lipitor and Plavix
the largest drug sales in the US in 2011
top-selling drugs in the world (2011)
Lipitor (Pfizer) - 7.7 billion
Plavis (Bristol-Myers Squibb) 6.8 billion
Nexium (Astra Zeneca) 6.2 billion
Abilify (BMS) 7 billion
Advair (GlaxoSmithKline) 5 billion
Seroquel (Astra Zeneca) 5 billion
Pfizer
the worlds biggest pharmaceutical company
pharmaceutical company sales
Pfizer: 25 billion
AstraZeneca: 20 billion
Merck: 19 billion
Novartis: 19 billion
orphan drug
a drug developed for an extremely rare condition; doesn't have much of a market
50%
percentage of world drug consumption by North America
25%
percentage of world drug consumption by the European Union
doubling time/half life
70/(%)=years it takes to double or half
Tylenol with Codeine
drug with the highest amount of prescriptions in Canada in 1996; now it is fifth
Lipitor
drug with the highest amount of prescriptions in both Canada and USA currently
Minoxidil
a drug originally researched for high blood pressure that is now used for increasing hair growth
excipients
materials in a pill that are not the medicine; there are 40 different categories, such as fillers, binders, anti-foaming agents, emulsifiers, antioxidants, pigments, dessicants, granulating agents, flavorings (important for dogs); global market for them is 4billion/year
Vioxx (Merck)
a drug withdrawn four years ago due to bad side effects; people on the drug had a higher risk of heart attacks, but it was very effective against arthritis pain; FDA voted to keep the drug, but Merck voluntarily withdrew it
Qatar
country with the highest incidence of obesity
22%
percentage of the population that smokes
pain relievers market
amounts to 30 billion dollars a year, or 50 billion tablets
16th century remedy for headaches
put your head in an oven; they thought it got the evil spirits out of your head
58 billion
number of aspirin tablets consumed worldwide each year
salicylates
extracted from trees of the Salix family, such as the Willow tree
methyl salicylate
an active ingredient in Bengay; it is also called oil of wintergreen
willow bark
used by the Sumerians to alleviate joint pain, by the Egyptians to lessen wound inflammation, and by Hippocrates to alleviate the pain of childbirth
Reverend Edward Stone
rediscovered the potential of the Willow tree in 1763; his use of it was brought about by him applying the Doctrine of Signature
Henri Leroux
extracted Salicin from Willow bark (1829), which is the active ingredient; it was used to treat pain and fever; it is an impure substance
Rafaelle Piria
purified Salicin into Salicylic acid in 1838
salicylic acid
a compound that is an analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory; it also is bitter tasting and causes severe stomach irritation
Compound W
a drug for fighting warts that has salicylic acid as an active ingredient; it is powerful enough to kill layers of skin
Felix Hoffman
a chemist at the Bayer company; his father had arthritis, but salicylic acid was too bad for his stomach; he created a compound that was easier on the stomach, ASA
A-Spirin
A: acetyl
Spirin: another name for Salix tree family
Carl Duisberg
the person that promoted the use of ASA; he was the director of Hoffman's lab, and was a marketing genius; ASA became the first mass-marketed drug
heroin
produced when morphine is treated with acetic acid; it is more addictive than morphine
American Bayer
lost the patent for ASA, and the name Aspirin; they then lost the right to the name Bayer; it was recuperated when the German Bayer company bought the American one; it sells Aspirin for 3x the price of generic ASA
study performed on pain
found that blondes feel more pain; introverts also feel more pain than extroverts, but complain less
Ulf Von Euler (1934)
discovered prostaglandins and won the Nobel Prize in Medicine (1970)
John Vane
elucidated the mode of action of prostaglandins in 1971; damaged cells produce arachidonic acid, which is a precursor to prostaglandins, which signal to the nerves that you feel pain; won the NObel Prize in Medicine in 1981
mechanism of action of ASA
blocks the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins; the enzyme in question is COX (cyclooxygenase); thus ASA is a Cox inhibitor
Physician's Health Study (1989)
studied over 22 thousand male physicians aged 40 to 84 over 5 years; men in this study were either taking a 325mg aspirin tablet every other day, or a placebo every other day; ASA decreased the rates of fatal and nonfatal heart attacks
Thromboxane A2
a prostaglandin that aids in blood clotting; it is blocked by ASA, which helps reduce heart attacks; however, this also thins blood
Uses of ASA
heart disease: 38% (30mg is sufficient for this)
risks of ASA
stomach bleeding and hemorrhagic stroke
colon cancer deaths
reduced in chronic ASA users because they are more likely to have colon bleeding and catch the cancer early; also colon cancer is associated with high COX enzyme levels
Salicylism
can be caused by ingesting 12-25 tablets of ASA
Tinnitus
can be caused by salicylism; it is a disease caused by a debilitating ringing in the ears; can push people to suicide
children's aspirin
comes in a lower dose (80mg) and in small bottle sizes to prevent overdose if a child gets its hands on it
main side effects of ASA
gastric irritation, gastrointestinal bleeding, ulcers
allergic reactions to ASA
rare, but can be very severe; a man in Toronto who was taking penicillin and ASA together had a severe reaction that blinded him
Reye Syndrome
a rare side effect of ASA named after Dr. Reye; it is the reason ASA is not recommended for teenagers and children; it causes inflammation of the brain when used to treat flu or chicken pox; this is often fatal, and causes about 300 deaths a year
aspirin can delay delivery
occurs because prostaglandins promote uterine contractions
Anacin
a drug that contains 325mg ASA and 32mg caffeine (~1/4 cup of coffee); the caffeine may help by vasoconstriction (headache is caused by blood vessel dilation) or it may cause faster absorption of the ASA
Midol
a drug that contains 500mg ASA, and 32mg caffeine
Chaser
a hangover cure that contains ASA and an antacid
acetaminophen
the most widely used pain reliever in North America; called paracetamol in some countries
acetaminophen benefits
pain relief, lowers fever, no association with Reye Syndrome
acetaminophen downsides
it is useless against inflammation; ineffective for heart disease prevention; affects the liver, so it should not be taken with alcohol; very toxic to cats; #1 OTC product for poisoning
Tempra
acetaminophen for children
ASA free Anacin
same as regular Anacin except with acetaminophen instead of ASA; it is easier on the stomach
Excedrin
a drug that used to contain ASA, but now contains acetaminophen; it contains 65mg of coffee (1/2 a cup); if you take the daily recommended amount it is like having six cups of coffee
1982 Tylenol recall
caused when a man replaced the Tylenol in a store bottle with cyanide; 7 people died; Tylenol recalled all the bottles and implemented safety seals
ibuprofen
another form of pain reliever; it is the active ingredient of Advil and Motrin
ibuprofen benefits
pain relief (better at relieving menstrual pain); lowers fever, lowers inflammation, no association with Reye Syndrome
ibuprofen drawbacks
does not help with heart disease
Naproxen sodium
a pain reliever that gives much longer pain relief than others; the brand name for the medication is Aleve
market share of pain relievers in Canada
Acetaminophen 43%
ASA 28%
ibuprofen 26%
naproxen sodium 3%
NSAID
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; this includes all the pain relievers except acetaminophen
Celebrex
a prescription drug that inhibits COX-2 specifically; Vioxx does this as well
Merck Frosst
was ordered to pay a woman 250 million due to the supposed Vioxx induced death of her husband (this was rejected on appeal)